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Chapter 4 Tolerancing

Topics Exercises

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Tolerancing: Topics
Summary 4.1) Tolerancing and Interchangeability 4.2) Tolerancing Standards 4.3) Tolerance Types 4.4) General Definitions 4.5) Inch Tolerances 4.6) Metric Tolerances 4.7) Selecting Tolerances 4.8) Tolerance Accumulation 4.9) Formatting Tolerances
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Tolerancing: Exercises
Exercise 4-1: Inch tolerance definitions Exercise 4-2: Types of fit Exercise 4-3: Determining fit type Exercise 4-4: Limits and fits Exercise 4-5: Milling jack assembly tolerances Exercise 4-6: Millimeter tolerance definitions Exercise 4-7: Metric fit designation Exercise 4-8: Systems Exercise 4-9: Metric limits and fits Exercise 4-10: Tolerance accumulation Exercise 4-11: Over dimensioning
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Tolerancing

Summary

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Summary
What will we learn in Chapter 4?
We will learn about tolerancing and how important this technique is to mass production.

Key points
If a features size is toleranced, it is allowed to vary within a range of values or limits. Tolerancing enables an engineer to design interchangeable or replacement parts.
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Tolerancing

4.1) Tolerancing for Interchangeability

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Tolerancing / Interchangeability
Tolerancing is dimensioning for interchangeability. What is interchangeability?
An interchangeable part is simply a mass produced part (a replacement part).

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Tolerancing / Interchangeability
How is a feature on an interchangeable part dimensioned?
The feature is not dimensioned using a single value, but a range of values. 1.005 1.00 .994

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Tolerancing / Interchangeability
A tolerance is the amount of size variation permitted.
You can choose a tolerance that specifies a large or small variation. 1.005 Size limits = .994 Tolerance = 1.005 - .994 = .011

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Tolerancing / Interchangeability
Why do we want a parts size to be controlled by two limits?
It is necessary because it is impossible to manufacture parts without some variation. The stated limits are a form of quality control.

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Tolerancing / Interchangeability
Choosing a tolerance for your design.
Specify a tolerance with whatever degree of accuracy that is required for the design to work properly.

Choose a tolerance that is not unnecessarily accurate or excessively inaccurate.

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Tolerancing / Interchangeability
Choosing the correct tolerance for a particular application depends on:
the design intent (end use) of the part cost how it is manufactured experience

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Tolerancing

4.2) Tolerancing Standards

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Tolerancing Standards
Standards are needed to;
make it possible to manufacture parts at different times and in different places that still assemble properly.

establish dimensional limits for parts that are to be interchangeable.

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Tolerancing Standards
The two most common standards agencies are;
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / (ASME) International Standards Organization (ISO).

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Tolerancing

4.3) Tolerance Types

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Tolerance Types
The tolerancing methods presented are:
Limit dimensions Plus or minus tolerances Page or block tolerances

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1. Limit Dimensions
Limits are the maximum and minimum size that a part can obtain and still pass inspection.
For example, the diameter of a shaft might be specified as follows.

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1. Limit Dimension Order


The high limit is placed above the low limit. When both limits are placed on one line, the low limit precedes the high limit.

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2. Plus or Minus Tolerances


Plus or minus tolerances give a basic size and the variation that can occur around that basic size.

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3. Page or Block Tolerances


A page tolerance is actually a general note that applies to all dimensions not covered by some other tolerancing type.

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Tolerancing

4.4) Shaft-Hole Assembly

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Shaft-Hole Assembly
Used to illustrate concepts and definitions. Both the shaft and the hole are allowed to vary between a maximum and minimum diameter.

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Tolerancing

4.5) Inch Tolerances

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Inch Tolerances Definitions


Limits: The limits are the maximum and minimum size that the part is allowed to be.
Basic Size: The basic size is the size from which the limits are calculated.
It is common for both the hole and the shaft and is usually the closest fraction.

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Inch Tolerances Definitions


Tolerance: The tolerance is the total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary.

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Exercise 4-2

Inch tolerance definitions

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Skip to next part of the exercise

Exercise 4-2
Fill in the following table.

Shaft Limits .47 - .51 Basic Size .5 or 1/2 Tolerance .04


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Hole .49 - .50

.01

Inch Tolerances Definitions


Maximum Material Condition (MMC): The MMC is the size of the part when it consists of the most material.
Least Material Condition (LMC): The LMC is the size of the part when it consists of the least material.

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Skip to next part of the exercise

Exercise 4-2
Fill in the following table.

MMC LMC
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Shaft .51 .47

Hole .49 .50

Inch Tolerances Definitions


Maximum Clearance: The maximum amount of space that can exist between the hole and the shaft.
Max. Clearance = LMChole LMCshaft

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Inch Tolerances Definitions


Minimum Clearance (Allowance): The minimum amount of space that can exist between the hole and the shaft.
Min. Clearance = MMChole MMCshaft

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Exercise 4-2
Fill in the following table.

Max. Clearance Min. Clearance


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.50 - .47 = .03 .49 - .51 = -.02

Exercise 4-2
What does a negative clearance mean?

Max. Clearance Min. Clearance


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.50 - .47 = .03 .49 - .51 = -.02

Types of Fits
There are four major types of fits.
Clearance Fit Interference Fit Transition Fit Line Fit

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Types of Fits
What is a clearance fit?
There is always a space. Min. Clearance > 0

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Types of Fits
What is an interference fit?
There is never a space.

Max. Clearance 0

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Types of Fits
What is a transition fit?
Depending on the sizes of the shaft and hole there could be a space or no space. Max. Clearance > 0 Min. Clearance < 0

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Types of Fits
What is a line fit?
There is a space or a contact (hole dia = shaft dia) Max. Clearance > 0 Min. Clearance = 0

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Exercise 4-3

Types of fits

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Exercise 4-3
From everyday life, list some examples of clearance and interference fits.
Fit Clearance Example
Lock and Key Door and Door frame Coin and Coin slot Pin in a bicycle chain Hinge pin

Interference

Wooden peg and hammer toy


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Exercise 4-4

Determining fit type

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Exercise 4-4
Determine the basic size and type of fit given the limits for the shaft and hole.
Shaft Limits 1.498 - 1.500 .751 - .755 .373 - .378 .247 - .250 Hole Limits 1.503 - 1.505 .747 - .750 .371 - .375 .250 - .255 Basic Size 1.5 .75 .375 .25 Type of fit Clearance Interference Transition Line

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ANSI Standard Limits and Fits


The following fit types and classes are in accordance with the ANSI B4.1-1967 (R1994) standard.

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ANSI Standard Limits and Fits


RC: Running or Sliding Clearance fit.
Intended to provide running performance with suitable lubrication. See table 4-2 for a more detailed description. RC9 (loosest) RC1 (tightest)

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ANSI Standard Limits and Fits


Locational fits (LC, LT, LN).
Locational fits are intended to determine only the location of the mating parts. See table 4-3 for a more detailed description.

LC = Locational clearance fits LT = Locational transition fits LN = Locational interference fits

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ANSI Standard Limits and Fits


FN: Force Fits.
Force fits provide a constant bore pressure throughout the range of sizes. See table 4-4 for a more detailed description. FN1 FN5 (tightest)

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Exercise 4-5

Limits and fits

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Exercise 4-5
Given a basic size of .50 inches and a fit of RC8, calculate the limits for both the hole and the shaft.
Use the ANSI limits and fit tables given in Appendix A.

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Page A-2

Basic size = .5 Fit = RC8

Exercise 4-5
Given a basic size of .50 inches and a fit of RC8, calculate the limits forare both What thethe units? hole and the shaft. See page A-1.
Standard Limits Hole = +2.8 Standard Limits Shaft = -3.5 0 -5.1

These are the values that we add/subtract from the basic size to obtain the limits.
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Exercise 4-5
Given a basic size of .50 inches and a fit of RC8, calculate the limits for both the hole and the shaft.
Hole Limts = .50 - 0 = .5000 .50 + .0028 = .5028 Shaft Limits = .50 - .0035 = .4965 .50 - .0051 = .4949
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Exercise 4-6

Milling Jack assembly tolerances

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Exercise 4-6
Consider the Milling Jack assembly shown.
Notice that there are many parts that fit into or around other parts. Each of these parts is toleranced to ensure proper fit and function.
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The V-Anvil fits into the Sliding Screw with a RC4 fit. The basic size is .375 (3/8). Determine the limits for both parts.

The V-Anvil fits into the Sliding Screw with a RC4 fit. The basic size is .375 (3/8). What are the limits?

.3750 - .3759

.3739 - .3745

The Sliding Screw fits into the Base with a RC5 fit. The basic size is .625 (5/8). Determine the limits for both parts.

The Sliding Screw fits into the Base with a RC5 fit. The basic size is .625 (5/8). What are the limits?
.625 - .626

.6231 - .6238

Tolerancing

4.6) Metric Tolerances

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Metric Tolerances Definitions


Limits, Basic Size, Tolerance, MMC and LMC have the same definition as in the inch tolerance section.

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Exercise 4-7

Millimeter tolerance definitions

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Skip to next part of the exercise

Exercise 4-7
Fill in the following table.

Shaft Limits 2.1 2.2 Basic Size 2 Tolerance 0.1


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Hole 1.8 2.0

0.2

Metric Tolerances Definitions


Upper deviation: The upper deviation is the difference between the basic size and the permitted maximum size of the part.
UD = |basic size Dmax|

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Metric Tolerances Definitions


Lower deviation: The lower deviation is the difference between the basic size and the minimum permitted size of the part.
LD = |basic size Dmin|

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Metric Tolerances Definitions


Fundamental deviation: The fundamental deviation is the closest deviation to the basic size.
The fundamental deviation is the smaller of the UD and the LD. A letter in the fit specification represents the fundamental deviation.

Ex: Metric Fit = H11/c11


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Exercise 4-7
Fill in the following table.

UD LD FD
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Shaft 0.2 0.1 0.1

Hole 0 0.2 0

Exercise 4-7
Fill in the following table.

Type of fit

Interference

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Metric Tolerances Definitions


International tolerance grade number (IT#): The IT#s are a set of tolerances that vary according to the basic size and provide the same relative level of accuracy within a given grade.
The number in the fit specification represents the IT#. A smaller number provides a smaller tolerance.
Ex: Metric Fit = H11/c11
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Metric Tolerances Definitions


Tolerance zone: The fundamental deviation in combination with the IT# defines the tolerance zone.
The IT# establishes the magnitude of the tolerance zone or the amount that the dimension can vary. The fundamental deviation establishes the position of the tolerance zone with respect to the basic size.
Ex: Metric Fit = H11/c11
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ANSI Standard Limits and Fits


The following fit types are in accordance with the ANSI B4.2-1978 (R1994) standard.

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Available Metric Fits


Hole Basis H11/c11

The difference between Hole H9/d9 D9/h9 Free running and Shaft Basis Fits will be H8/f7 Close running discussed inF8/h7 an upcoming H7/g6 G7/h6 Sliding section.
H7/h6 H7/k6 or H7/n6 H7/p6 H7/h6 K7/h6 or N7/h6 P7/h6

Shaft Basis C11/h11

Fit Loose running

Locational clearance Locational transition Locational interference

H7/s6 H7/u6
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S7/h6 U7/h6

Medium drive Force

Tolerance Designation
A Metric fit is specified by stating the fundamental deviation and the IT#. Remember!
IT# = the amount that the dimension can vary (tolerance zone size). Fundamental deviation (letter) = establishes the position of the tolerance zone with respect to the basic size. Hole = upper case Shaft = lower case
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Tolerance Designation
Fits are specified by using the:
fundamental deviation (letter) IT# (International Tolerance Grade #).

When specifying the fit:


The hole = upper case letter The shaft = lower case letter

Ex: Metric Fit = H11/c11


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Exercise 4-8

Metric fit designation

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Fill in the appropriate name for the fit component.

Basic size

Hole Tolerance Zone Shaft Tolerance Zone

Fundamental Deviation

IT#

Basic Hole / Basic Shaft Systems


Metric limits and fits are divided into two different systems; the basic hole system and the basic shaft system.

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Basic Hole / Basic Shaft Systems


Basic hole system: The basic hole system is used when you want the basic size to be attached to the hole dimension.
For example, if you want to tolerance a shaft based on a hole produced by a standard drill, reamer, broach, or another standard tool.

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Basic Hole / Basic Shaft Systems


Basic shaft system: The basic shaft system is used when you want the basic size to be attached to the shaft dimension.
For example, if you want to tolerance a hole based on the size of a purchased a standard drill rod.

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Exercise 4-9

Systems

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Exercise 4-9
Identify the type of fit and the system used to determine the limits of the following shaft and hole pairs
Shaft
9.972 - 9.987

Hole
10.000 - 10.022

Type of Fit System


Clearance Transition Hole Hole

60.002 - 60.021 60.000 - 60.030

39.984 - 40.000 39.924 - 39.949

Interference Shaft

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Exercise 4-10

Metric limits and fits

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Exercise 4-10
Find the limits, tolerance, type of fit, and type of system for a n30 H11/c11 fit.
Use the tolerance tables given in Appendix A.

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Page A-8

Exercise 4-10
Find the limits, tolerance, type of fit, and type of system for a n30 H11/c11 fit.
Limits Tolerance 0.13 0.13 Hole System Clearance Loose Running Fit Shaft 29.760 - 29.890 Hole 30.000 - 30.130

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Exercise 4-10
Find the limits, tolerance, type of fit, and type of system for a n30 P7/h6 fit.
Use the tolerance tables given in Appendix A.

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Page A-11

Exercise 4-10
Find the limits, tolerance, type of fit, and type of system for a n30 P7/h6 fit.
Limits Tolerance 0.013 0.021 Shaft System Locational Interference Fit Shaft 29.987 - 30.000 Hole 29.965 29.986

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Tolerancing

4.7) Selecting Tolerances

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Selecting Tolerances
Tolerances will govern the method of manufacturing.
When the tolerances are reduced, the cost of manufacturing rises very rapidly. Specify as generous a tolerance as possible without interfering with the function of the part.

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Selecting Tolerances
Choosing the most appropriate tolerance depends on many factors such as;
length of engagement, bearing load, speed, lubrication, temperature, humidity, and material.

Experience also plays a significant role.


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Machining and IT Grades

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Tolerancing

4.8) Tolerance Accumulation

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Tolerance Accumulation
The tolerance between two features of a part depends on the number of controlling dimensions.

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Tolerance Accumulation
The distance could be controlled by a single dimension or multiple dimensions.

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Tolerance Accumulation
The maximum variation between two features is equal to the sum of the tolerances placed on the controlling dimensions.

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Tolerance Accumulation
As the number of controlling dimensions increases, the tolerance accumulation increases.

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Tolerance Accumulation
Remember, even if the dimension does not have a stated tolerance, it has an implied tolerance.

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Exercise 4-11

Tolerance Accumulation

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Exercise 4-11
What is the tolerance accumulation for the distance between surface A and B for the following three dimensioning methods?

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70 0.3

70 0.2

109.9

40.1

69.8

70 0.1

Exercise 4-11
If the accuracy of the distance between surface A and B is important, which dimensioning method should be used?

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Exercise 4-12

Over dimensioning

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Assuming that the diameter dimensions are correct, explain why this object is dimensioned incorrectly.

1. The decimal places dont match.


Formatting tolerances will be discussed next.

2. The dimensions are inconsistent.


2.98 3.00

1.98 + .99 = 2.97 2.01+1.00 = 3.01

This part is over dimensioned.

Tolerancing

4.9) Formatting Tolerances

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Formatting Metric Tolerances


Tolerances from standardized fit tables are listed on drawings as;

The person reading the print has to have access to the standard fit tables.
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Formatting Metric Tolerances


Unilateral tolerances

A single zero without a plus or minus sign.

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Formatting Metric Tolerances


Bilateral tolerances

Both the plus and minus values have the same number of decimal places.

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Formatting Metric Tolerances


Limit dimensions

Both values should have the same number of decimal places.

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Formatting Metric Tolerances


Using Basic dimensions with the tolerance

The number of decimal places in the basic dimension does not have to match the number of decimal places in the tolerance.

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Formatting Inch Tolerances


Unilateral and Bilateral tolerances

The basic dimension and the plus and minus values should have the same number of decimal places.

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Formatting Inch Tolerances


Limit dimensions

Both values should have the same number of decimal places.

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Formatting Inch Tolerances


Using Basic dimensions with the tolerance

The number of decimal places in the basic dimension should match the number of decimal places in the tolerance.

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Formatting Angular Tolerances


Angular tolerances

Both the angle and the plus and minus values have the same number of decimal places.

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Tolerancing

The End

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