ECE 2132 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Dr Hasmah Mansor E2-2-13.1 03-61964526 hasmahm@iium.edu.my

CHAPTER 7

RESPONSE OF FIRST-ORDER RL AND RC CIRCUITS

CONTENTS
7.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit 7.2 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit 7.3 The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits

7.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

RL circuit

RC Circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

A first-order

circuit may be reduced to a Thvenin (or Norton) equivalent connected to either a single equivalent inductor or capacitor.

7.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

An inductor connected to a Thvenin equivalent

An inductor connected to a Norton equivalent

7.1 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

An capacitor connected to a Thvenin equivalent

An capacitor connected to a Norton equivalent

7.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

The

natural response is the currents and voltages that exist when stored energy is released to a circuit that contains no independent sources.

i(t ) i0e

R )t ( L

, t 0

Natural response of an RL circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

The

time constant of an RL circuit equals the equivalent inductance divided by the Thvenin
resistance as viewed from the terminals of the equivalent inductor.

L R
Time constant for RL circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

Value of e for t equal to integral multiples of

7.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

A graphic interpretation of the time constant of the RL circuit

7.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

1. 2. 3.

Calculating the natural response of an RL circuit can be summarized as follows: Find the initial current, i0, through the inductor. Find the time constant of the circuit, = L / R. Use i(t) = i0 e-t/ , t 0, to generate i(t) from i0 and .

7.2 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

An RC circuit

After Switching

7.2 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

v(0 ) v(0) v(0 ) vg v0

Initial capacitor voltage

7.2 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

The

time constant of an RC circuit equals the equivalent capacitance times the

Thvenin resistance as viewed from the terminals of the equivalent capacitor.

RC
Time constant for RC circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

v(t) = V0

-t/ e

, t 0

Natural response of an RC circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

The natural response of an RC circuit

7.2 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

1. 2. 3.

Calculating the natural response of an RC circuit can be summarized as follows: Find the initial voltage, V0, across the capacitor. Find the time constant of the circuit, = RC. Use, v(t) = V0e-t/, t 0 to generate v(t) from V0 and .

Example 7.1
The switch has been closed for a long time before it is opened at t=0. Find a) iL (t) for t 0, b) i0 (t) for t 0+, c) v0 (t) for t 0, d) The percentage of the total energy stored in the 2H inductor that is dissipated in the 10 resistor

Problem 7.4
The switch in the circuit has been closed for a long time before opening at t = 0. a) Find i1(0-) and i2(0-). b) Find i1(0+) and i2(0+). c) Find i1(t) for t 0. d) Find i2(t) for t 0+ e) Explain why i2(0-) i2(0+)

Example 7.3
The switch in the circuit shown has been in position x for a long time. At t=0, the switch moves instantaneously to position y. Find a) vc(t) for t 0, b) v0(t) for t 0+, c) i0 (t) for t 0+, d) The total energy dissipated in the 60 k resistor.

Problem 7.23
The switch in the circuit has been in position a for a long time and v2 = 0 V. At t = 0, the switch is thrown to position b. Calculate a) i, v1 and v2 for t 0+. b) The energy stored in the capacitor at t = 0. c) The energy trapped in the circuit and the total energy dissipated in the 5 k resistor if the switch remains in position b indefinitely.

7.3 The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits

The

step response is the currents and voltages that result from abrupt changes in dc sources connected to a circuit.

Stored

energy may or may not be present at the time the abrupt changes take place.

7.3 The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits

A circuit used to illustrate the step response of a first-order RL circuit

7.3 The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits

Step response of RL circuit

7.3 The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits

The step response of the RL circuit when I0 = 0.

7.3 The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits

Inductor voltage versus time

7.3 The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits

A circuit used to illustrate the step response of a first-order RC circuit

7.3 The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits

vc I S R (V0 I s R)e

t RC

, t0

Step response of an RC circuit

Example 7.6
The switch in the circuit shown has been in position 1 for a long time. At t = 0, the switch moves to position 2. Find a) v0(t) for t 0 and b) i0(t) for t 0+.

Problem 7.83
The voltage signal source in the circuit is generating the signal shown in (b). There is no stored energy at t = 0. a) Derive the expression for v0(t) that apply in the intervals t < 0; 0 t 4ms; 4ms t 8ms; and 8ms t infinity. b) Sketch v0 and vs on the same axes.

Example 7.12
The uncharged capacitor in the circuit is initially switched to terminal a. At t=0, the switch is moved to position b, where it remains for 15 ms. After 15 ms delay, the switch is moved to position c where it remains indefinitely. a) Derive the expression for v(t). b) Plot v(t) versus t. c) When will the voltage on the capacitor equal to 200 V?

Other Problems to Try

Problem

7.3

ans a) i0(0+) =3A, i(inf)=6A b) i0(t)=(6 5 exp (-500t))A

Problem

7.79

ans a) V0=(80 exp(-500t)) V c) -16.33V

Problem

7.5

END OF CHAPTER 7