HO HC GLUCID

MC TIU BI HC
1. Trnh by c nh ngha, phn loi, vai tr ca glucid.

2. Trnh by c cu to, tnh cht chung

ca monosaccharid, oligosaccharid, vai tr

mt s polysaccharid.

Nng lng

Cu to

GLUCID

Bo v

Nui dng (d tr)

1. I CNG
1.1 nh ngha

- Glucid l hp cht hu c, phn t c 3

nguyn t to thnh: C, H, O. - Cng thc chung (CH2O)n, n3 gi l carbohydrat hay saccharid.

1.2 Phn loi

Glucid

Monosaccharid

Oligosaccharid

Polysaccharid

aldose

disaccharid

polysaccharid thun

cetose

trisaccharid

polysaccharid tp

2. MONOSACCHARID
2.1 Cu to - L dn xut ca polyalcol (3 7 C) c cha nhm carbonyl.
-

L n v ca glucid, khng b thy

phn.

2. MONOSACCHARID (tip)
2.2 Danh php
-

C 4 cch gi tn:
+ +

Cch 1.Gi theo ha chc kh: aldose, cetose. Cch 2. Gi theo s carbon: S carbon theo ting Hylp + ose. 3C Triose 4C Tetrose 5C Pentose 6C Hexose 7C Heptose

+ Cch 3. Gi gp 2 cch:
V d: nhm kh l aldehyd, 5C gi l: aldopentose. + Cch 4. Gi tn c bit: fructose

(cetohexose), glucose (aldohexose)

2.3 Mt s khi nim ng phn dy D v dy L ca monosaccharid:

- Ly glyceraldehyd lm chun, khi nhm OH
nguyn t C bt i xng nm bn phi gi l

dy D, cn bn tri l dy L.

 ng phn quang hc ca monosaccharid

- S lng ng phn quang hc: N = 2n (n l s carbon bt i xng C*).

- Tr dihydroxyaceton cn cc monosaccharid khc u c C* nn c ng phn quang hc.

 ng phn v ca monosaccharid
OH bn acetal: nm di mt phng dng (cis). nm trn mt phng dng (trans)

Theo qui c dng vng: - Phi cnh ca MS thng khng vit nguyn t carbon trong vng. - Gch dc ng pha trn hay pha di ca mt phng ch nhm OH

C H2 O H O
1

C H2 O H O C H2 OH
1

-D-g lu co se
C H2 O H O
1

-D-fru c to se

C H2 O H O
1

C H2OH -D-fru cto se -

-D-g lu c o se

2.4 Tnh cht ca Monosaccharid 2.4.1 Tnh cht l hc

- D tan trong nc, tan t trong alcol, khng tan trong este.

- V ngt.

2.4.2 Tnh cht ha hc Tnh kh (b oxy ha)

- Nhm (-CHO) b oxy ha thnh (-COOH).

- Phn ng Fehling: Monosaccharid b oxy ha

bi mui kim loi nng trong mi trng

kim.

- B oxy ha bi axit m c:
CHO
+ 2H

CH2OH
+ 2H

(CHOH)n CH2OH Aldose

(CHOH)n CH2OH Polyalcol

CH2OH C O (CHOH) n-1 CH2OH Cetose

- ng sorbitol c nhiu trong qu l, qu to,

ngi mc bnh tiu ng c th s dng c

ng ny.

 Phn ng to Furfural (Molish)

 Phn ng to ete v este

-To ete (lin kt glucosid)): nhm OH bn acetal ca MS ny kt hp vi nhm OH alcol ca MS khc
CH2OH O 1 O 4 CH2OH O
1-4 glucosid 1-6 glucosid

1 OH

-To este: cc este phosphat ca monosaccharid c vai tr quan trng trong trao i cht nh trong tng hp glucose, glycogen.
CH2OH O
1 6 CH2O-P 6 CH2O-P

O-P Glucose-1P Glucose- 6P

CH2O-P Fructose-1,6DP

 Phn ng to thnh ozazon

natriacetat Monosaccharid + phenylhydrazin (d) ------------> ozazon (tinh th) t0

Glucozazon (Glucose, fructose, mannose)

Galactozazon (Galactose)

Pht hin galactose/nc tiu (bnh nhn b bnh galactose niu).

3. OLIGOSACCHARID
3.1 nh ngha - Glucid c cha t 2- 8 gc monosaccharid lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt glucosid . C hai loi chnh

l di v trisaccharid.
3.2 Disaccharid (DS)

- L loi glucid m mi phn t ca chng khi thu

phn cho 2 phn t monosaccharid.

 DS c tnh kh v khng c tnh kh: - Nu nhm OH ca monosaccharid ny kt hp vi nhm OH bn acetal ca monosaccharid khc disaccharid vn cn mt nhm OH bn acetal cn tnh kh. - Nu 2 nhm OH bn acetal ca 2 monosaccharid

kt hp vi nhau disaccharid khng cn nhm

OH bn acetal khng cn tnh kh.

Maltose
ng mch nha Ngun gc mm ht ng cc

Lactose
ng sa sa

Saccharose
ng ma
ma (14-25%) c ci ng

Cu to

Tnh cht

c tnh kh

c tnh kh

khng c tnh kh

4. Polysaccharid
Polysaccharid gm 2 loi: Polysaccharid thun.

Polysaccharid tp.

Polysaccharid
Theo cu to
Polysaccharid thun
(cc ng n)

Theo chc nng

D tr glycogen, tinh bt

Polysaccharid tp Cu trc (ng n+ cht khc) cellulose thc vt

Acid hyaluronic Condrointin sulfat A Tinh bt

Condrointin sulfat C
Glycogen Cellulose Condrointin sulfat B Keratan sulfat Heparin, heparin sulfat

4.1 Polysaccharid thun

Tinh bt
Ngun gc Ht la (60-80%) Ng (65-75%) Khoai ty (12 - 20%)

Glycogen
ng vt (gan v c)

Cellulose
Mng t bo thc vt

KLPT
+ Amylose

106 - 107

107 - 109
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o B o o o o o o oo oo o 0 o o o o o o o o oooooo o o o o oo o o o o o o oooo o oo o o o oo o o o o o o oo A o o o R (Glucose)

106 - 2.106

Cu to

+ Amylopectin

Glycogen phn nhnh nhiu hn v di ca mi nhnh ngn hn Amylopectin

Tnh cht Amylose + I2 xanh l Amylopectin + I2tm

Glycogen + I2 B thu phn bi nu -glucosidase

 Amylose

Amylopectin

4.2 Polysaccharid tp
Khu tr Acid hyaluronic Vai tr thu tinh th, cung nhau thai, cht kt dnh t/ch dch khp, van tim, sn phi thai, l/kt, cn tr s xm da,sn nhp

Condrointin sulfat A sn, xng, sn phi thai, gic mc Condrointin sulfat B da

Condrointin sulfat C da, gn, dy chng, cung nhau thai, van tim

Keratan sulfat Heparin Heparin sulfat

Keratan sulfat 1 gic mc Keratan sulfat 2 sn gan, trong thnh mch mu v chng ng mu trong phi

* Acid hyaluronic
COOH O (1-4) O
1

(1-3)

CH2OH O (1-4) O
3

NHCOCH3 n

n v: -D-glucuronic + N- acetylglucosamin bng lk (1-3)glucosid. Cc n v lk vi nhau bng lk (1-4) glucosid.

* Condrointin sulfat A, C

Cu to chung: A.glucuronic + N-acetyl-D-galactosamin-sulfat.

S khc bit gia chng l v tr nhm sulfat.
COOH O (1-4) O CH2OH O (1-4) HO3SO O O 1 (1-3) 3 NHCOCH3 n

COOH O (1-4) O
1

HO3SOCH2 O (1-3) O
3

(1-4) O

NHCOCH3 n

Condrointin sulfat A
* Condrointin sulfat B

Condrointin sulfat C

(A.glucuronic + N-acetyl-galactosamin-4-sulfat) (A.glucuronic + N-acetyl-galactosamin-6-sulfat)

(A.L-iduronic + N-acetyl-galactosamin-4-sulfat)

* Keratan sulfat

n v: D-galactose + N- acetylgalactosamin-6-sulfat bng lk (1-4)glucosid.

Cc n v lk vi nhau bng lk (1-3) glucosid.

* Heparin, heparin sulfat

COOH O O OSO3H

HO3SOCH2 O O NHCOCH3 n

n v: D-glucuronat-2-sulfat + N-acetyl-glucosamin-6-sulfat Cc thnh phn v n v lk vi nhau bng lk (1-4) glucosid.

CU HI LNG GI - Cu 1. Trong cc glucid sau, cc cht th hin

tnh kh l:
A Glucose, fructose, tinh bt. B Glucose, fructose, saccarose

C 3 Fructose, tinh bt, saccarose. D 4 Glucose, fructose, lactose.

CU HI LNG GI
- Cu 2. Tn khoa hc y ca Maltose l:

B
C 3 D 4

1-2 D Glucosido D Glucose 1-4 D Glucosido D Glucose

1-2 D Glucosido D Glucose

1-4 D Glucosido D Glucose

CU HI LNG GI - Cu 3. Cc cht no sau y l Polysaccarid

tp:
A Cellulose, tinh bt, heparin Condroitin sunfat, heparin, glycosaminglycan Acid hyaluronic, glycogen, cellulose Tinh bt, condroitin sunfat, heparin

B C
D

CU HI LNG GI
- Cu 4. Cc nhm cht sau y, nhm no c cu to phn nhnh
A Amylose, Glycogen

B
C D

Amylopectin, cellulose
Cellulose, Amylose Amylopectin, Glycogen

CU HI LNG GI
- Cu 5. Cng thc bn l cu to ca:

A B C D

Saccharose Lactose Maltose Galactose

CU HI LNG GI
- Cu 6. Phn ng Molish dng nhn bit:

A B

Cc cht l acid amin

Cc cht l Monosaccharid
Cc cht c nhm aldehyd Cc cht c nhm ceton

C
D

CU HI LNG GI
- Cu 7: Cc cht no sau y thuc nhm Polysaccarid thun: A B C D

Saccarose, Heparin, Glycogen

Fructose, Amylopectin, Heparin

Glycogen, Amylose, Amylopectin

Glycogen, Condroitin Sulfat,