CHNG V : CAC HNH THC HAN CHE MAU DCH

PHI THUE QUAN AM PHAN MAU DCH A PHNG NTBs(Nontariff Trade Barriers)

* ac iem : - a dang, phong phu - Bao ho rat chat che oi vi ngi san xuat - Tac hai rat ln oi vi ngi tieu dung

I / Quota (Han ngach) 1) Khai niem va ac iem

a) Khai niem :

b) ac iem :

La 1 trong cac hnh thc han che MD phi TQ quan trong nhat, the hien viec an nh 1 mc XK hay 1 mc NK ve 1 sp nao o trong mot thi gian nhat nh nao o thong qua viec phan phoi (cap phat) giay phep.

Han che rat chat che va tac hai ln en ngi tieu dung. An nh the nao la nh the, khong thay oi bat di bat dch

2) Phan tch can bang cuc bo s tac ong cua 1 quota nhap khau Gia thiet: QG 2 la 1 nc nho Nhng thay oi ban au hoan toan giong nh tac ong cua 1 TQ tng ng (cung lam gia tang gap oi)

Px tang ($1 $2) TD giam (70X 50X) SX tang (10X 20X) NK giam (60X 30X) Khong thu vo ngan sach Chnh phu

3) So sanh s tac ong cua quota vi TQ

Ve mat nh lng (so sanh vi 1 TQ tng ng

khi co s gia tang ve cau)

Ve mat nh tnh - Quota gan vi viec phan phoi giay phep nay sinh tieu cc ban giay phep - Dung quota mi khong che c cac nha XK ngoai quoc khi mang hang vao QG

Chu y : ch so sanh sau khi cau tang so vi trc khi cau tang

II / Cac hnh thc han che MD phi TQ khac 1) Han che XK t nguyen (Voluntary Export Restraints) 2) Cac ten quoc te (International Cartels) 3) Nhng han che mang tnh chat hanh chnh va ky thuat (Administrative and Technical Restrictions) a) Khuyech trng hang noi, bai xch hang ngoai b) Co tnh a ra nhng thu tuc hanh chnh rm ra nhieu khe c) Co tnh a ra nhng tieu chuan k thuat qua cao 4) Ban pha gia (Dumping) 5) Tr cap XK (Export Subsidies) Chnh phu cac nha XK XK c nhieu hn - tr cap XK trc tiep - tr cap XK gian tiep Cac nc PT cac nc PT cac nc phat trien XK c nhieu hn vao cac nc PT

* Phan tch can bang cuc bo s tac ong cua mot tr cap XK - Khi cha co MD xay ra Sx Dx = E (30X, $3) - Khi co MD t do xay ra Pw = Px = $3,5 SX = 35X (AC) TD = 20X (AB) XK = 15X (BC) - CP tien hanh tr cap $0,5 / 1/v sp X xuat khau. Ty le tr cap XK 16,7% Px = $4 SX = 40X (GJ) TD = 10X (GH) XK = 30X (HJ)

a) Li ch thu c = So d ngi sx tang len = Dien tch AGJC = a+b+c b) Thiet hai mat i: - So d ngi TD giam = Dt AGHB = a+b - Ngan sach CP giam = Dt HJMN = b+c+d c) Can oi lai: (a+b) + (b+c+d) (a+b+c) = b+d * Ai la ngi co li nhieu nhat ? - trong pham vi QG - tren pham vi TG Bat c 1 s can thiep nao vao MD t do eu khong co li (du can tr nh TQ hay quota hoac khuyen khch nh tr cap XK)

III / Kha canh kinh te chnh tr cua chu ngha bao ho MD (cac ly le bien minh cho chu ngha bao ho MD)
IV / GATT, vong am phan Uruguay va WTO 1) GATT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade) Chnh thc i vao hoat ong t thang 1 nam 1948. Phng thc hoat ong : to chc ra cac vong am phan nham thuc ay MD t do

CAC LY LE BIEN MINH CHO CHU NGHA BAO HO MAU DCH

Cac ly le vo ly

Cac ly le hu ly

Khong xuat phat t li ch kinh te (tot nhat, loai II)

Xuat phat t li ch kinh te (tot nhat, loai I)

2)Vong am phan Uruguay Nhom hop t thang 9 nam 1986, d kien ket thuc vao thang 9 nam 1990, nhng tren thc te en ngay 15/4/1994, moi van ban mi c chnh thc ky ket tai Maroc ay la vong am phan dai nhat, phc tap nhat nhng cuoi cung cung a ket thuc * Nguyen nhan : - NTBs - Hang nong san c bao ho rat chat che - MD oi vi cac nc PT gap nhieu kho khan - Cha co nhng bien phap thuc ay MD t do hnh thc dch vu - Tranh chap ban quyen - V the qua yeu cua GATT

* Ket qua : - MD t do hoa nhieu hn - Thu nhap cua TG tang = 200 300 ty USD/nam 1% GDP cua the gii - MD oi vi hang hoa nong san c t do hoa hn (quota thue quan ; giam tr cap cho ngi nong dan) - Quota thue quan oi vi hang det may - Thong nhat 1 so bien phap e thuc ay MD t do lnh vc dch vu - Thong nhat mot so quy tac co tnh chat phap ly trong viec bao ho quyen tac gia - GATT WTO

3) WTO (To chc MD the gii) - Chnh thc i vao hoat ong vao thang 1 nam 1995. Tnh en thi iem hien tai co 153 thanh vien, bao quat hn 90% tong lng buon ban toan cau - Ba ieu kien e tr thanh thanh vien cua WTO La nen kinh te th trng Nhng van e lien quan en kinh te quoc te phai c cong khai hoa va phu hp vi thong le cua WTO Tren 2/3 thanh vien ong y

Chuan b bai cho chng VI 1. Tai sao lien ket KTQT theo khu vc lai la mo hnh phat trien chu yeu cua nen kinh te the gii hien ai? 2. Co nhng hnh thc lien ket KTQT nao t thap en cao? 3. Phan biet Lien hiep quan thue vi Khu vc mau dch t do. Cho th du minh hoa 4. Hay phan tch can bang cuc bo s tac ong cua mot lien hiep quan thue tao lap mau dch

5. Hay phan tch can bang cuc bo s tac ong cua mot lien hiep quan thue chuyen hng mau dch 6. Hay phan biet lien hiep quan thue chuyen hng mau dch vi lien hiep quan thue tao lap mau dch 7. Giai bai tap ( chep e) a) Neu quoc gia 1 anh thue quan khong phan biet 100% oi vi san pham A nhap khau t quoc gia 2 va quoc gia 3. Trong trng hp nay, quoc gia 1 se nhap khau t au, hay t san xuat trong nc?

b) Gia s quoc gia 1 lien ket vi quoc gia 2 trong mot lien hiep quan thue. Gia san pham A quoc gia1 bay gi se la bao nhieu? Lien hiep quan thue o thuoc loai gi? Tai sao? c) Quoc gia 1 anh thue quan khong phan biet 50% len san pham A nhap khau t quoc gia 2 va quoc gia 3. Luc nay gia san pham A quoc gia 1 se la bao nhieu? Lien hiep quan thue nay thuoc loai g ? Tai sao? 8. Tai sao noi Lien hiep quan thue chuyen hng mau dch la mot trong nhng bieu th cua ly thuyet tot nhat hang hai?

9. Hay phan tch 6 ieu kien e lam gia tang hieu qua phuc li cua mot lien hiep quan thue. 10. au la cac li ch tnh va cac li ch ong cua mot lien hiep quan thue 11. Tai sao trc ay EEC lai hoat ong co hieu qua cao hn EFTA e nam 1973 Anh di EFTA gia nhap EEC?