Section 17.3 Transformer

Section 17.
Transformer
• Voltage ratio and turns ratio
• Efficiency of transformer
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 1

17.3 Transformer (SB p. 162)
Transformer
transformer
• change magnitude of
a.c. voltage
• soft-iron core wound
with two coils
Go to
Discussion 2
Transformer
low voltage
d.c. power
supply centre-zero
galvanometer
switch
coil A coil B
transformer

Transformer
(1) at the instant

magnetized
switch is closed

Transformer
field no change
(2) switch remains closed
→ no induced current

Transformer
• oppose the
change
• I flows in
(3) at the instant opposite direction
switch is open

Transformer
mutual induction change current in a coil

→ induce current in
another coil
primary coil secondary coil
output
to an energy
source
CAL
Workshop 2
soft-iron core
Transformer
Transformer
low voltage a.c.

power supply a.c. induced
→ glows
continuously
light light
bulb bulb
a.c. sets up
primary alternating
coil secondary magnetic field in
transformer coil
core
Voltage ratio and turns ratio
Expt. 17D
Transformer
CRO
to a.c. power
supply
primary coil secondary coil

primary secondary
coil coil
Ns Vs
Vp Np
Vp N p
voltage ratio = turns ratio
Vs Ns
Thinking 2
soft-iron core
(Ns > Np)
input output
Np Ns voltage
voltage
(Vp) (Vs)
step-up transformer
(Vs > Vp)
circuit symbol
soft-iron core (Ns < Np)
input Np output
voltage Ns voltage
step-down transformer
(Vs < Vp)
circuit symbol
Efficiency of transformer
Efficiency of a transformer
Output electrical power
= × 100%
Input electrical power
Vs I s
e= × 100%
Vp I p
Go to
Thinking 3
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. Discussion 3 13
For ideal transformer

Vs I s = Vp I p
Vp I s N p
input output = =
power power Vs I p N s
ideal
transformer
(e = 100%)

ideal practical
(e = 100%) (e < 100%)
input output input output

power power power power
transformer transformer
power
loss
Thinking 4
Methods to improve efficiency of transformer
(1) resistance
soft-iron core → coils heat up
input primary output

voltage coil secondary voltage
coil
i r e s of
cti ng w
c o nd u n c e
us e r e s i s ta
r
Thinking 5 smalle

soft-iron core (2) eddy
current
input primary output
voltage coil secondary voltage
coil
e n t b y
y c u r r
c e e d d r e
red u n o f c o
a ti o
lamin
(3) continuous
magnetization &
demagnetization
→ heats up coils
n c or e
ft -i ro
use so

Example 4:
In a TV set, a 220 V a.c. is stepped up to 22 000 V by a
transformer.
(a) What the turns ratio is needed for the transformer?
(b) If the input power is 100 W and the efficiency of the
transformer is 95%, what is the output current?
Solut
(a) By (b) Output power = Input power × Efficiency
ion
Vp N p
=
Vs N s = 100 × 95%
220 = N p = 95 W
22000 N s By P = VI
Np
∴ = 1 95 = 22 000 × I
N s 100
I = 0.004 3 A
The current is small because
the voltage is high.
Class Practice 3:
A transformer is used to step down a 220 V mains supply to
run an electrical appliance of 110 V, 550 W.
(a) If the primary coil has 1 000 turns, what is the number of
turns ofV theN secondary coil?

p p
=
Vs Ns
By
220 1 000
Ans
110 Ns
wer
________ = ________
500
∴ Ns = ________

Class Practice 3: (Cont)

(b) What is the current drawn by the appliance?
P Ans550
= =5A
Current = __________________________
V 110wer
(c) It is found that the current drawn from the mains is 2.8 A.
What is the efficiency of theAns

transformer?
550 W
wer
Ans
Output power = _______________
VI = 220 × 2.8 = 616 W
wer
Input power = _______________
550 Ans
×wer
100% = 89%
616
Efficiency = _______________
To section 17.4

Discussion 2:
One day, Louis found that the 6 V battery of his
shaver was running out. Luckily, he got an
adaptor. Then the shaver was connected to a
socket through the adaptor. Louse realized that
the electricity from the socket was an a.c. output
of 220 V and wondered why the shaver did not
overload. Do you know why? Ans
wer
The adaptor is a transformer, which changes
the voltage from 220 V a.c. to 6 V a.c. and then 6 V d.c.
Therefore the shaver can work properly.
Return to
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd.

Text 23
Thinking 2
Two resistors P and Q are connected to an ideal

transformer. What are the changes in the
readings of the ammeter and the voltmeter when
the switch S is open?
Ans
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd.
wer 24
Return to
Thinking 2 (Cont) Text

1. When S is open, the current only passes through
P. The output power is decreased. Since the input
power is directly proportional to the output
power, it is decreased too. By P = Ip Vp, the
current in the primary coil is decreased. Therefore,
the reading of the ammeter decreases.
2. The reading of the voltmeter remains unchanged
because by Vp / Vs = Np / Ns, the secondary voltage
depends on the primary voltage and the turns ratio
of the transformer only.
Discussion 3:
After Sally has used an adaptor to charge a
mobile phone, the adaptor becomes very hot.
Why? What is the danger if the adaptor becomes
too hot? What should you do to avoid it? Ans
wer
The heat produced is due to the energy lost during the
process when the input electrical energy is converted
to the output electrical energy. If the adaptor becomes
too hot, it causes fire. Therefore, we should not use
an adaptor to charge an electrical device for too long.
Return to
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. Text 26

Thinking 3
Recharger of electrical toothbrush

Have you used an electrical toothbrush as
shown? Somehow, the plastic recharger can
charge the toothbrush without a metal electrical
contact. How can the recharger charge the
toothbrush? recharger
Ans
wer
electrical
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. toothbrush 27
Thinking 3 (Cont)
When the toothbrush is placed on the recharger, the

coil inside the toothbrush rests inside another coil in
the recharger. An alternating current passes through
the coil of the recharger to produce a variable
magnetic field. Therefore, a current is induced in the
coil of the toothbrush to charge the toothbrush.
Return to
Text
Thinking 4
Can an efficient transformer step up energy?

No. Transformer can only step up Ans
voltage. In all cases, energy is wer
conserved.
soft-iron core
input output
primary secondar voltage
voltage y coil
coil (Vs)
(Vp)
Return to
Text
Thinking 5
Explain why thicker wire is used to make coils in

transformers. Ans
Since the resistance of a wire of greater wer
cross-sectional area is smaller. It can reduce the
heat loss by the coil. soft-iron core
Vp Np Ns Vs
Return to
Text

Section 17.3 Transformer

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Section 17.

• Voltage ratio and turns ratio

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 1

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 3

(1) at the instant

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 4

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 5

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 6

mutual induction change current in a coil

low voltage a.c.

Voltage ratio and turns ratio

primary coil secondary coil

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 9

Voltage ratio and turns ratio

Voltage ratio and turns ratio

Voltage ratio and turns ratio

soft-iron core (Ns < Np)

For ideal transformer

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 14

input output input output

Methods to improve efficiency of transformer

input primary output

Methods to improve efficiency of transformer

Methods to improve efficiency of transformer

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 18

turns ofV theN secondary coil?

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 20

Class Practice 3: (Cont)

What is the efficiency of theAns

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 22

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd.

Two resistors P and Q are connected to an ideal

Thinking 2 (Cont) Text

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. Text 26

Recharger of electrical toothbrush

When the toothbrush is placed on the recharger, the

Can an efficient transformer step up energy?

Explain why thicker wire is used to make coils in

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