Week 2 Comunication Process & Factors Affecting Listening & Speaking Skills

ROKIAH MOHD. SOM

Listening Process

Receiving
Connected vs not connected Problems

What is the difference of hearing and listening ?

Attending
Selectivity of attention - information overload Strength of attention - energy, effort and desire Sustainment of attention - duration, setting, delivery

Communication begins with understanding.

We communicate effectively with each other only insofar as we share meanings for the symbols (verbal or nonverbal) that we are using.

Understanding
Verbal symbols - Barrier 1: Same words mean different things

Do you understand? Are you okay?

Understanding
Barrier 2: Different words sometimes mean the same thing

Fred has been crestfallen since he fell out of favor with the Fall Festival Committee last fall after he had a falling out with Joe because Joe had fallen in with a new crowd of people rather than falling in love with Freds sister, Fallina.

Understanding
Non-verbal symbols - Barrier 1: Misinterpretation of the action - Barrier 2: Misinterpretation of nonaction symbols - Barrier 3: Misinterpretation of the voice

Responding
Direct verbal responses Responses that seek clarification Responses that paraphrase Nonverbal response

Remembering
If you cant remember it, you werent listening.

Some important differences between listening and spoken language Listening Spoken Language

Receptive skill/ Passive skill? The listener wants to listen to something He/ she is interested in the communicative purpose of what is being said He/ she processes a variety of language

Productive skill/ Active skill? The speaker wants to say something He/ she has some communicative purpose
He/ she selects from his/ her language store

The Communication Process

Communication is : a dynamic process involving a series of actions and reactions with a view to achieving a goal. a two way process - the ability to receive is as important as the ability to send. For successful communication, feedback is crucial because it tells how your message is being interpreted. It can make or break the communication process.

 Communicator - encoder. Encoding - formulation of messages in the communicators mind, that is, the communicator not only translates his purpose (ideas, thoughts or information) into a message but also decides on the medium to communicate his planned message. A channel - the vehicle through which a message is carried from the communicator to the receiver.

 The receiver - the recipient of the message and must possess the same orientation as the communicator. Decoding - interpretation of the message by the receiver. Feedback - response or acknowledgement of receiver to the communicators message. The exchange is possible only if the receiver responds. Noise - any kind of interruption that can creep in at any point of the communication process and make it ineffective.

Why Listening Needs to be Taught?

Very important skill in daily life; Wilga Rivers (1981): we listen twice as much as we speak, four times as much as we read and five times as much as we write It has unique aspects that make it different from other language skills Very important for developing speaking skills. Nida (1957): Learning to speak a language is very largely a task of learning to hear it.

What Does Learning to Speak Involve?

 Functions speakers do a number of things with language; certain functions go together (Bygate, 1987: routines) Linguistic forms speakers use different words/structures to do things they have to do Automaticity of responses thinking, listening and speaking go on almost simultaneously Social appropriacy highly sensitive to context, degree of formality, politeness Topics speakers speak about something, use words and structures that pertain to the topic

The Functions of Language Transactional function conveying information; message-oriented; Interactional function gives importance to the listener as a person; main purpose to maintain good social relationships

Conventions of Spoken Language Putting words, phrases and sentences together Vocalizing what they want to say pronunciation and intonation Possessing the ability to be reasonably fluent Stretching the language they know to cope with new situations Interaction is more than just putting a message together responding to what other people say Choosing language that is appropriate for the person you are talking to .

Taking turns in a conversation Knowing how to interrupt Knowing how to disagree politely Encouraging others to speak Expressing interest Changing the topic Asking one to repeat or explain what they are saying

 Factors Affecting Listening and Speaking Skills TASK: (Pair work) Think of two real-life situations in which you were involved in one in which communication was successful and the other when communication was unsuccessful. Identify the factors that contributed to the success/ failure of the communication that took place

Pronuniciation Suprasegmental features of the language Knowledge of subject matter/topic Language ability grammatical competence Vocabulary Intercultural awareness Role relationship and appropriacy Conventions of speaking Awareness of the varieties of language Discourse competence awareness of the different ways language is used in different situations formal and informal language use

 encourage understanding of the many important contributions by people from diverse cultural and linguistic groups, people with disabilities and minority groups motivate children, students and educators to examine their own attitudes and behaviour and to comprehend their duties, responsibilities, rights and privileges as citizens in our society and behaviour and to comprehend their duties, responsibilities, rights and privileges as citizens in our society

 THE END