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Filters and Harmonics

Filters and Harmonics

Undulations Per Revolution (UPR) Undulations Produced by Manufacturing Process

Filters and Harmonics

Undulations Per Revolution (UPR) UPR = Harmonics

A profile Showing a Dominant 8th and 60th Harmonic

Filters and Harmonics

What is an Harmonic?
1st Harmonic (Eccentricity) 0 1 Harmonic Amplitude

360

2nd Harmonic (Ovality)

360

5th Harmonic

360

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonics

Harmonic Amplitude Harmonic Amplitude

A Roundness profile Showing a 3rd Harmonic

The 3rd Harmonic Shown as a Waveform

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonics
1st Harmonic (Eccentricity) 90

Component centre 180 0

Datum Axis

270

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonics
2nd Harmonic (Ovality) 90

180

270

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonics
3rd Harmonic (Tri-Lobed) 90

180

270

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonics
90 3rd Harmonic (Tri-Lobed) 180 0

270

Wheel Wheel

Centreless Grinding

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonics
4th Harmonic

Distortion on a Cylinder bore

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonics
Higher Order Harmonics Produced by Machine Tool Chatter

Filters and Harmonics

Filters
Filters are Used to Separate Different Harmonics

Filters and Harmonics

Filters
Unfiltered Profile

A profile Showing a Dominant 8th and 60th Harmonic

Filters and Harmonics

Filters
Standard Filter Values
1-15 UPR
1-50 UPR 1-150 UPR 1-500 UPR

Filters and Harmonics

Filters
1-15 UPR Filter

60th Harmonic Has Been Removed

Filters and Harmonics

Filters
15-500 UPR Filter

8th Harmonic Has Been Removed

Filters and Harmonics

2CR Filter

Reduces the Amplitude of the Harmonic at the selected UPR Value by 25%

Filters and Harmonics

Characteristics of a 2CR Filter

1-50 UPR Filter

Filters and Harmonics

Characteristics of a 2CR Filter

15-500 UPR Filter

Filters and Harmonics

Effects of a 2CR Filter

An Unfiltered Profile

Filters and Harmonics

Effects of a 2CR Filter

1-500 UPR

Filters and Harmonics

Effects of a 2CR Filter

1-150 UPR

Filters and Harmonics

Effects of a 2CR Filter

1-50 UPR

Filters and Harmonics

Effects of a 2CR Filter

1-15 UPR

Filters and Harmonics

Gaussian Filter
Unfiltered profile

Weighting Function Profile Filter

Mean line

X
Harmonic Value

Reduces the Amplitude of the Harmonic at the selected UPR Value by 50%

Filters and Harmonics

Characteristics of a Gaussian Filter

1-50 UPR Filter

Filters and Harmonics

Characteristics of a Gaussian Filter

15-500 UPR Filter

Filters and Harmonics

Filters Continued
The Gaussian Filter

Unfiltered Profile

Filters and Harmonics

Filters Continued
The Gaussian Filter

1-500 UPR

Filters and Harmonics

Filters Continued
The Gaussian Filter

1-150 UPR

Filters and Harmonics

Filters Continued
The Gaussian Filter

1-50 UPR

Filters and Harmonics

Filters Continued
The Gaussian Filter

1-15 UPR

Filters and Harmonics

Filters Continued
Comparison of the Gaussian Filter and 2CR Filter

1-15 UPR 2CR Filter

1-15 UPR Gaussian Filter

Filters and Harmonics

Filters - Stylus Tip Diameter


Tip Diameter Must Be Considered When Selecting Filters

Filters and Harmonics

Tip Diameter Selection / Filter Selection


Part Diameter (mm) Circumferential Filter Cut-off (UPR)

D<8 D < 8 < 25 25 < D < 80 80 < D < 250 250 < D

1-15 1-50 1-150 1-500 1-1500

The above table shows the recommended filter to use according to component size (ISO 12180-2)

Filters and Harmonics

Filter Selection

UPR = d 0.8
Where: d = Part Diameter
The formula shows the recommended filter to use according to component size (ISO 12181-2)

Filters and Harmonics

Tip Diameter Selection

R= d 24

Where: R = Stylus Tip Radius d = Part Diameter

See ISO 12180-2 for further information

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonic Analysis
Wheel Eccentricity

Component Grinding Wheel

100 RPM

6000 RPM

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonic Analysis

60:1 Speed Ratio Induces a 60th Harmonic

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonic Analysis
1st Harmonic - Function of Measurement Measurement Set-up Error 2nd Harmonic - Function of Measurement or Manufacture Measurement Set-up Error or Machined out of Square 3rd to 7th Harmonic - Function of Manufacture Workpiece Holding Method 7th to 15th Harmonic - Function of Manufacture Instability of the Machining Process 15th Harmonic Upwards - Function of Material & Manufacture Reaction of Materials, Machine Chatter

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonic Analysis
Roller Bearing Assembly

Surface with 16th Harmonic

Race containing 16 Rollers

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonics Amplitude Display

RONt 1.54m, Ecc 0.43m, Conc 0.85m

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonics Histogram Display

RONt 1.54m, Ecc 0.43m, Conc 0.85m

Filters and Harmonics

Harmonic Analysis

Different Profiles - Identical Roundness

Roundness Index

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