New Shortcut - LNK

SUBSTATION DESIGN
BRAAM GROENEWALD
MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF SUBSTATION

1. PLANNING REQUIREMENTS
1.1 GENERAL SYSTEM STRENGTHENING DUE TO INCREASED LOADS

1.2 SPECIFIC REQUESTS BY MUNICIPALITIES 1.3 SPECIFIC REQUESTS BY LARGE MANUFACTURERS: SMELTERS SUCH AS MOZAL

2. NETWORK REQUIREMENTS
2.1 LOOK AT EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE FOR UPGRADING

2.2 INTEGRATE AT THE SAME OR HIGHER VOLTAGE
KOMATIPOORT SUBSTATION
FUTURE MEPANDA UNCUA HYDRO-ELECTRIC SCHEME
ARNOT PS MAPUTO SS INFULENE SS
MOZAL SMELTER SS
MAPUTO
CAMDEN PS
OVERVIEW OF LINE ROUTES INTO MAPUTO
MOTRACO NETWORK PHASE 1

~275kV TO ARNOT VIA KOMATIPOORT-MARATHON -PRAIRIE ARNOT
CAMDEN
~132kV
~400kV
EDWALENI II
MAPUTO
MOZAL
~275kV
INFULENE
x
x x

~275kV TO ARNOT VIA KOMATIPOORT-MARATHON -PRAIRIE ARNOT ~275kV INFULENE
x
450MVAr
72MVAr
72MVAr
CAMDEN
x
450MVAr
100MVAr
MAPUTO
~132kV MOZAL
100MVAr
~400kV
EDWALENI II
x x x x
x x x
x
x x x x
FUTURE NETWORK INCORPORATING MEPANDA UNCUA
AFRICA GRID PLAN - 2003 FUTURE AND PROPOSED

3. SUBSTATION PHILOSOPHY
3.1 TYPES OF STATIONS 3.1.1 TRANSFORMATION SUBSTATIONS
MAPUTO SUBSTATION PHASE 2 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
MAPUTO SUBSTATION PHASE 2 KEY PLAN

3.1.2 POWER INJECTION STATIONS - POWER STATIONS
MATIMBA POWER STATION POWER INJECTION

3.1.2 POWER INJECTION STATIONS - POWER STATIONS

3.1.3 SWITCHING STATIONS
KRONOS SWITCHING STATION POWER COMPENSATION ON LONG LINES

3.1 TYPES OF STATIONS 3.2 TYPES OF STATIONS DETERMINED BY CONSTRAINING PARAMETERS 3.2.1 GAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS 3.2.1.1 INDOOR METAL CLAD
COMPARASON BETWEEN AIS AND GIS SUBSTATION FOOTPRINT FOR HECTOR
192
400kV AIS
400kV GIS Trfr 1 275kV GIS 275kV AIS Trfr 2 Trfr 3 Trfr 4 SVC Trfrs
69
~10%
INDOOR GIS
3.1 TYPES OF STATIONS
3.2 TYPES OF STATIONS DETERMINED BY CONSTRAINING PARAMETERS 3.2.1 GAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS 3.2.1.1 INDOOR METAL CLAD 3.2.1.2 OUTDOOR METAL CLAD
OUTDOOR GIS - SEISMIC AREAS

3.3 CONSTRAINING PARAMETERS DICTATING THE PHILOSOPHY

3.3.1 ENVIROMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS 3.3.1.1 VISUAL IMPACT : ECO-TOURISM
USING VEGETATION TO CONCEAL A SUBSTATION
SUBSTATION SUROUNDED BY PLANTATION
LOCATING TREES AND SHRUBS
Transmission Tower
Visual Distance
Concealment very limited Reasonable High

Very High Horizontal Extent of the Visually Affected Area
SINGLE VS MULTIPLE TERRACES
SINGLE TERRACE TO BE AVOIDED
MULTIPLE TERRACE TO BE RECOMMENDED
a)
b)
EXAMPLE OF THE ECOLOGICAL PLANNING FOR A HIGH VOLTAGE SUBSTATION

3.3.1 ENVIROMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREA 3.3.1.1 VISUAL IMPACT : ECO-TOURISM
3.3.1.2 THE HABITAT OF ENDANGERED SPECIES
COMPARASON BETWEEN AIS AND GIS SUBSTATION FOOTPRINT FOR HECTOR
192
400kV AIS
400kV GIS Trfr 1 275kV GIS 275kV AIS Trfr 2 Trfr 3 Trfr 4 SVC Trfrs
69
~10%


3.3.1 ENVIROMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREA 3.3.1.1 VISUAL IMPACT : ECO-TOURISM 3.3.1.2 THE HABITAT OF ENDANGERED SPECIES 3.3.2 MARINE AND INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
3.3.3 SEISMIC CONDITIONS

3.3.4 TOPOGRAPHY OF AREA
MAPUTO SUBSTATION LOCATED ON A WELL DRAINED ELEVATED POINT
MAPUTO SUBSTATION SINGLE TERRACE FALLING IN TWO DIRECTIONS
FALL
FALL
EARTHWORKS CUT LINES
CROSSECTION THROUGH TERRACE

3.4 TYPES OF STATIONS DETERMINED BY ENVIROMENTAL AND OTHER PARAMETERS

3.4.1 GAS INSULATED (GIS) SUBSTATIONS
DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH TRANSFER
GIS BAYS
DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH BYPASS
BREAKER AND A HALF SCHEME
INDOOR GAS INSULATED SYSTEM
OUTDOOR GAS INSULATED SYSTEM

3.4.1 GAS INSULATED (GIS) SUBSTATIONS 3.4.2 AIR INSULATED (AIS) SUBSTATIONS 3.4.2.1 OVERHEAD STRUNG BUSBARS
OVERHEAD STRUNG BUSBARS
OVERHEAD FLEXIBLE CONDUCTOR BUSBARS ATHENE 400/132kV SUBSTATION
OVERHEAD FLEXIBLE CONDUCTOR BUSBARS ATHENE 400/132kV SUBSTATION
PHASE VERTICAL ATTACHMENT DISTANCES

Earth-wire Attachment Level Dp-e + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + .db (Bundle spacing) + dc (Conductor dia.) Stringer Attachment Level Dp-p + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + db (Bundle spacing) + dc (Conductor dia.)
d (Phase-to-Earth)
d (Bundle)
d (Phase-to-Phase)
Busbar Attachment Level Dp-p + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + db (Bundle spacing) + dc (Conductor dia.)
d (Bundle)
d (Phase-to-Phase) Equipment Attachment Level Dp-e + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + .db (Bundle spacing) + .dc (Conductor dia.) Ground Level
d (Bundle)
Dictated By Maximum Allowable Field Strength (eg 10kV/m)
SAG DUE TO CONDUCTOR Lc T 9,81.mi fs
fs = 9,81.mi.Lc2 8.T
fs = maximum conductor sag (m) mi = mass of conductor (kg/m) Lc = conductor span length (m) T = tension per conductor (N)
SAG DUE TO STRAIN ASSEMBLY
Li 9,81.mi tan = n.T/{9,81.ma}
= tan-1(n.T/{9,81.mi})
Sag due to Insulator Assembly = Li.sin[tan-1(n.T/{9,81.mi})] mi = mass of assembly (kg/m) Li = connecting length of assembly (m) n = number of conductors
TYPICAL 765kV STRAIN ASSEMBLY
508
100 78 100
60
3277
3277
82
100
78 78
Li = 7738
SIDE VIEW
420
PLAN VIEW
PHASE VERTICAL ATTACHMENT DISTANCES-EQUIPMENT
d (Bundle)
Equipment Attachment Level Dp-e + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + .db (Bundle spacing) + .dc (Conductor dia.) Ground Level
PHASE VERTICAL ATTACHMENT DISTANCES-BUSBAR
Busbar Attachment Level Dp-p + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + db (Bundle spacing) + dc (Conductor dia.) d (Phase-to-Phase) Equipment Attachment Level Dp-e + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + .db (Bundle spacing) + .dc (Conductor dia.) Ground Level
d (Bundle)
d (Bundle)
PHASE VERTICAL ATTACHMENT DISTANCES-STRINGER
Stringer Attachment Level Dp-p + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + db (Bundle spacing) + dc (Conductor dia.)
d (Bundle)
d (Phase-to-Phase)
d (Bundle)
d (Bundle)
PHASE VERTICAL ATTACHMENT DISTANCES-EARTH-WIRE

Earth-wire Attachment Level Dp-e + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + .db (Bundle spacing) + dc (Conductor dia.) Stringer Attachment Level Dp-p + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + db (Bundle spacing) + dc (Conductor dia.)
d (Phase-to-Earth)
d (Bundle)
d (Phase-to-Phase)
d (Bundle)
d (Bundle)
PHASE HORIZONTAL ATTACHMENT DISTANCES

Horizontal Displacement 9600
Horizontal Displacement
420
420
30o
30o Conductor Sag (Maximum Temperature)
Allowable Phase-to-Phase Clearance
ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES
SIWL = 1550kV Conductor-Structure Rod-Structure Conductor-Conductor Rod-Conductor
Phase-Earth (mm) 4900 6400 -
Phase-Phase (mm) 7600 10000 (9400)
PHASE SPACING
Conductor Phase Spacing


3.4.2 AIR INSULATED (AIS) SUBSTATIONS

3.4.2.1 OVERHEAD STRUNG BUSBARS 3.4.2.2 SUPPORTED TUBULAR BUSBARS
TUBULAR ALUMINIUM BUSBARS HECTOR 400/275kV SUBSTATION
STREAMLINED TUBULAR BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT
LOW PROFILE SUPPORTED TUBULAR BUSBAR SUBSTATIONS



3.4.2.1 OVERHEAD STRUNG BUSBARS 3.4.2.2 SUPPORTED TUBULAR BUSBARS
3.4.2.3 OVERHEAD SUSPENDED TUBULAR BUSBARS
OVERHEAD SUSPENDED TUBULAR BUSBARS
OVERHEAD SUSPENDED TUBULAR BUSBARS


3.4.2.1 OVERHEAD STRUNG BUSBARS 3.4.2.2 SUPPORTED TUBULAR BUSBARS 3.4.2.3 OVERHEAD SUSPENDED TUBULAR BUSBARS 3.4.2.4 OVERHEAD OR SUPPORTED FLEXIBLE OR TUBULAR CONDUCTORS APPLYING PASS SWITCHGEAR
PLUG AND SWITCH SYSTEM (PASS)
APPLYING THE PASS SWITCHGEAR
BREAKER AND A HALF USING PASS
3.4 TYPES OF STATIONS DETERMINED BY CONSTRAINING PARAMETERS

3.4.2.1 OVERHEAD STRUNG BUSBARS

3.4.2.2 SUPPORTED TUBULAR BUSBARS 3.4.2.3 OVERHEAD SUSPENDED TUBULAR BUSBARS 3.4.2.4 OVERHEAD OR SUPPORTED FLEXIBLE OR TUBULAR CONDUCTORS APPLYING PASS SWITCHGEAR 3.4.2.5 OVERHEAD OR SUPPORTED FLEXIBLE OR TUBULAR CONDUCTORS APPLYING COMPACT SWITCHGEAR
COMPACT SWITCHGEAR USE OF CONVENSIONAL COMPONENTS
BREAKER AND A HALF BAY USING COMPACT SWITCHGEAR
4. BUSBAR CONFIGURATIONS
4.1 SINGLE BUSBAR
SINGLE BUSBAR SELECTION
4.1 SINGLE BUSBAR 4.2 DOUBLE BUSBARS
4.2.1 SINGLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH BY-PASS
SINGLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH BY-PASS

4.2.2 DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION
DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION

4.2.2 DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION 4.2.3 DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH BY-PASS
DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH BY-PASS
4.1 SINGLE BUSBAR 4.2 DOUBLE BUSBARS 4.3 TRIPLE BUSBARS 4.3.1 DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH TRANSFER
DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH TRANSFER
4.1 SINGLE BUSBAR 4.2 DOUBLE BUSBARS 4.3 TRIPLE BUSBARS 4.3.1 DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH TRANSFER 4.3.2 TRIPLE BUSBAR SELECTION
TRIPLE BUSBAR SELECTION
4.3 TRIPLE BUSBARS

4.3.1 DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH TRANSFER 4.3.2 TRIPLE BUSBAR SELECTION 4.3.3 HYBRIDE BUSBARS
DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION - HYBRID BUSBAR
DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION CONVENTIONAL BUSBAR
5. BUSBAR CONFIGURATIONS - PLANNING LEVELS 3, 2 & 1
4.1 PLANNING LEVEL 3
LEVEL 2 ON TRFRS LEVEL 3 ON FDRS
T1
T2
ZONE 2 B/B 2
B/B 1 ZONE 1
B/C
F1
F2 (FUTURE)
T1
T2
T3
B/B 2
ZONE 2
B/B 1
ZONE 1
B/C A
F1
F2
B/C B
5.1 PLANNING LEVEL 3 5.2 PLANNING LEVEL 2
T1
T2
ZONE 2 B/B 2
B/B 1 ZONE 1
B/C
F1
F2
T1
T2
T3
ZONE 2
B/B 2
B/S B/B 1 ZONE 1 ZONE 3
B/C A
F1
F2
F3 (FUTURE)
B/C B
5.1 PLANNING LEVEL 3 5.2 PLANNING LEVEL 2 5.3 PLANNING LEVEL 1

T1 T2
ZONE 2 B/B 2
B/B 1B B/B 1A
ZONE 1
B/S
ZONE 3
B/C A
F1
F2
B/C B
T1
T2
T3
B/B 2
ZONE 2 B/S ISOL 1
ZONE 4 B/S ISOL 2 ZONE 5
ZONE 6
B/B 1 ZONE 1 B/S 1 ZONE 3 B/S 2
B/C A
F1
F2
F3
B/C B
T1
T2
T3
ZONE 2 B/B 2
ZONE 4
ZONE 6
B/S ISOL 2 ZONE 5
B/S 1
B/B 1
ZONE 1
ZONE 3 B/S ISOL 1
B/S 2
B/C A
F1
F2
F3
B/C B

5. BUSBAR CONFIGURATIONS - LAYOUT
5.4 ZONING OF TRANSFORMERS
TYPICAL DOUBLE BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT WITH 2 FEEDERS AND 2 TRANSFORMERS
T1
T2
ZONE 2
B/B 2
B/B 1 ZONE 1
B/C
F1
F2
TYPICAL DOUBLE BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT WITH 3 TRANSFORMERS
T1
T2
T3
ZONE 2 B/B 2 B/S
B/B 1
ZONE 1 ZONE 3
B/C A
F1
F2
F3 (FUTURE)
B/C B

5.4 ZONING OF TRANSFORMERS 5.5 POSITIONING OF IMPORTANT FEEDERS TO THE SAME DESTINATION
BUS SECTIONS IN DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE POSITIONS
T1
T2
T3
ZONE 2
B/S 1
B/B ISOL 2
ZONE 6
B/B 2
B/B 1 ZONE 1 ZONE 3 B/B ISOL 1 B/S B/S 2 2 ZONE 5
B/C A
F1
F2
F3
B/C B

5.4 ZONING OF TRANSFORMERS 5.5 POSITIONING OF IMPORTANT FEEDERS TO THE SAME DESTINATION
5.6 UNIT CONCEPT OF POWER STATIONS
BUS SECTION IN THE SAME BUSBAR
T1
T2
T3
B/B 2
B/B ZONE 2 ISOL 1
ZONE 4
B/B ISOL 2
ZONE 6
B/B 1 ZONE 1 B/S 1 ZONE 3 B/S 2
ZONE 5
B/C A
F1
F2
F3
B/C B

6. SUBSTATION LAYOUTS
6.1 ORIENTATION OF A SUBSTATION
SETTING THE ORIENTATION OF A SUBSTATION
ORIENTATION OF MAPUTO SUBSTATION
ORIENTATION OF MAPUTO SUBSTATION WITH RESPECT TO MOZAL
MOZAL SS
MAPUTO SS

6.1 ORIENTATION OF A SUBSTATION 6.2 TERRACING - SINGLE VERSES MULTIPLE TERRACES
MULTIPLE TERRACE AT HECTOR SUBSTATION
SECTIONS THROUGH THE HECTOR MULTIPLE TERRACE
6.3 STORMWATER AND OIL DRAINAGE/PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
STORMWATER DRAINAGE SPENCER SUBSTATION
FIRE WALLS BETWEEN 3X160MVA, 275/33kV ARC FURNACE TRANSFORMERS
< 23000
< 23000
1524 1524
1524 1524
1524 1524
CONCRETE ROAD
FIRE WALL
FIRE WALL
TRFR 1 BUND AREA
TRFR 2 BUND AREA
TRFR 3 BUND AREA
TRANSFORMER FIRE AT MINERVA

6.4 EARTHING
STEP POTENTIAL
If
Rk Rk RF R1 R2 If RF R1 R0 R2
Step Potential
RF R0
RF
TOUCH POTENTIAL
If Ik Rk Rk Ik RF/2
If RF/2
R1 R0
R1
Touch Potential
R0

6.4 EARTHING 6.4.1 MAIN EARTHMAT
MAIN EARTHMAT - MAPUTO SS
EARTH-MAT AND EARTH TAILS

6.4 EARTHING 6.4.1 MAIN EARTHMAT
6.4.2 EQUIPMENT BAY EARTHING
EQUIPMENT BAY EARTHING

7. BAY LAYOUTS - PURPOSE OF BAYS
7.1 VARIOUS TYPES OF BAYS - PURPOSE OF BAY 7.1.1 TRANSFORMER BAY
TYPICAL TUBULAR BB TRANSFORMER BAY WITH CONNECTION TO BYPASS BB
7.1 VARIOUS TYPES OF BAYS - PURPOSE OF BAY 7.1.1 TRANSFORMER BAY 7.1.2 FEEDER BAY WITH DOUBLE B/B SELECTION WITH BY-PASS
TYPICAL TUBULAR BB FEEDER BAY WITH DOUBLE BB SELECTION WITH BYPASS
7.1.2 FEEDER BAY WITH DOUBLE B/B SELECTION WITH BY-PASS

7.1.3 LINE BANKED TRANSFORMER
TYPICAL LINE-BANKED TRANSFORMER BAY NO MV VOLTAGE BUSBAR

7.1.3 LINE BANKED TRANSFORMER 7.1.4 BUS COUPLER
TYPICAL TUBULAR BB BUS COUPLER BAY WITH FUTURE TRANSFER BUS COUPLER

7.1.3 LINE BANKED TRANSFORMER 7.1.4 BUS COUPLER 7.1.5 BUS SECTION
TYPICAL TUBULAR BB BUS SECTION BAY


7.1.3 LINE BANKED TRANSFORMER 7.1.4 BUS COUPLER 7.1.5 BUS SECTION 7.1.6 SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK
TYPICAL TUBULAR BB SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK BAY


7.1.3 LINE BANKED TRANSFORMER 7.1.4 BUS COUPLER 7.1.5 BUS SECTION 7.1.6 SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK 7.1.7 SHUNT REACTOR (SELECTABLE TO THE BUSBAR OR A LINE)
TYPICAL TUBULAR BB SHUNT REACTOR BAY WITH CONNECTION TO BYPASS BB FOR DUAL SELECTION
TUBULAR BUSBAR SUBSTATIONS AND THEIR ADVANTAGES

1. A CHEAPER AND FAR MORE TECHNICALLY SOUND APPROACH
COST VS CURRENT CAPACITY OF BUSBAR
COST (R)
CURRENT CAPACITY [I(A)]
COST VS CURRENT CAPACITY OF BUSBAR

1,4 1,3
(1,21)
1,2
(1,16)
NORMALIZED COST (COST OF TUBULAR USED AS THE BASE VALUE)
1,1
(1,04)
1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 Theoretical Break Even Point
TUBULAR 0,04 (or 4%)
0,10 (or 10%)
0,16 (or 16%)
0,21 (or 21%)
(1400) 1000 1075 1xBull
2000 2150 2xBull
3000
5400 3xBull
4000
5000 5400 1x200x8 tube & 5xBull
4300 1x150x8 tube & 4xBull
BUSBAR CURRENT CAPACITY [I(A)] @ 85oC

1.1 SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE NEED ONLY TO SUPPORT

1.1.1THE DEAD WEIGHT OF TUBULAR BUSBAR SUPPORT INSULATORS
SUPPORTED TUBULAR BUSBAR
SUPPORTED TUBULAR BUSBARS ENLARGED VIEW


1.1.1 THE DEAD WEIGHT OF TUBULAR BUSBAR SUPPORT INSULATORS
1.1.2 CLAMPING ASSEMBLIES
TUBULAR BUSBAR EXPANSION CLAMP
TUBE



1.1.3 THE DEAD WEIGHT OF TUBULAR & DAMPER CONDUCTORS
TUBULAR CONDUCTOR WITH DAMPING CONDUCTOR



1.1.3 THE DEAD WEIGHT OF TUBULAR & DAMPER CONDUCTORS 1.1.4 THE CANTILEVER FORCES EXERTED ON IT VIA THE POST INSULATORS DUE TO THE SHORT CIRCUIT FORCES ON THE TUBES
CANTILEVER FORCES DUE TO FAULT CURRENT COMBINATION SUPPORT STRUCTURE FOR 3 PHASES
Attraction
Repulsion
COMBINATION TUBULAR BB SUPPORT STRUCTURE PALMIET SUBSTATION
CANTILEVER FORCES DUE TO FAULT CURRENT INDIVIDUAL PHASE SUPPORT STRUCTURES
Attraction
Repulsion
INDIVIDUAL PHASE SUPPORT STRUCTURES HECTOR SUBSTATION



1.1.3 THE DEAD WEIGHT OF TUBULAR & DAMPER CONDUCTORS
1.1.4 THE CANTILEVER FORCES EXERTED ON IT VIA THE POST INSULATORS DUE TO THE SHORT CIRCUIT FORCES ON THE TUBES
1.1.5 THE FORCES DUE TO WIND LOADING ON THE TUBES
CANTILEVER FORCES ON TUBULAR CONDUCTORS DUE TO WIND
WIND FORCE ALONG PROJECTED AREA OF THE TUBE

2 SUPPORT STRUCTURES ARE EQUIPMENT TYPE STRUCTURE
2.1 SLIGHTLY HEAVIER DESIGN
EQUIPMENT TYPE SUPPORT STRUCTURES

2 SUPPORT STRUCTURES ARE EQUIPMENT TYPE STRUCTURE
2.1 SLIGHTLY HEAVIER DESIGN

2.2 FOUNDATION BASES SLIGHTLY LARGER PADS TO PREVENT OVERTURNING MOMENTS DUE TO SHORT CIRCUIT FORCES
HEAVIER EQUIPMENT TYPE SUPPORT STRUCTURES

3. COMPACTNESS
3.1 RIGIDITY OF TUBULAR CONDUCTORS IMPLIES :

3.1.1 CONDUCTORS ARE SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT BOTH ENDS => NO TENSIONING OF CONDUCTORS
TUBULAR CONDUCTORS SIMPLY SUPPORTED NO TENSION

3. COMPACTNESS

3.1.1 CONDUCTORS ARE SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT BOTH ENDS => NO TENSIONING OF CONDUCTORS 3.1.2 TUBE SAG SMALL => LOWER PORTAL PASSAGES
TUBE SAG SMALL IF CORRECTLY SELECTED
TUBE SAG EXCESSIVE INCORRECTLY SELECTED

3. COMPACTNESS

3.1.2 TUBE SAG SMALL => LOWER PORTAL PASSAGES

3.1.3 DEFLECTION DUE TO SHORT CIRCUIT FORCES RESTRICTED => CLOSER - PHASE-TO-PHASE & - PHASE TO EARTH SPACING
SWING ACTION OF FLEXIBLE CONDUCTORS DURING AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER A FAULT

3. COMPACTNESS

3.1.2 TUBE SAG SMALL => LOWER PORTAL PASSAGES

3.1.3 DEFLECTION DUE TO SHORT CIRCUIT FORCES RESTRICTED => CLOSER - PHASE-TO-PHASE & - PHASE TO EARTH SPACING

4.1 LIMITING FACTORS ON PHASE SPACING :
FSC = (4 x 10-7).I2/a (1)

- CANTILEVER S C FORCES I2 (SQUARE OF CURRENT) 1/a (INVERSE OF PHASE SPACING)
- TUBE SIZE S C FORCES
CONDUCTOR BEHAVIOUR UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS
a
ia
b
ib
c
ic
a) Three Phase Symmetrical Fault
b
ib2
c
ic2
b) Two Phase Fault

4.1.1 FSC = (4 x 10-7).I2/a (1)

- CANTILEVER S C FORCES 1/(PHASE SPACING)2
- TUBE SIZE S C FORCES
- EFFECTIVE FIELD STRENGTH ON CONDUCTORS f(HEIGHT OF PHASE CONDUCTORS ABOVE GROUND, PHASE SPACING) 4.1.2 E = 2,4 . m . ( 1 + 0,0937 ) . (10/2) (2) ( . )0,4

4.1.2 Ec = 2,4 . m . ( 1 + 0,0937 ) . (10/2) (2) ( . )0,4

Ec = Corona threshold (inception) surface field strength (measured empirically)
m = Factor to allow for surface roughness (1,0 - polished tube, 0,8 - stranded conductor)
= Conductor radius in metres = Relative air density (RAD) Ec m, 1/ , 1/ Ec > Ee (NO CORONA)
Ee = Actual calculated value

EFFECTIVE FIELD STRENGTH ON CONDUCTORS f(HEIGHT OF PHASE CONDUCTORS ABOVE GROUND, PHASE SPACING)
4.2.1 THE CLOSER THE PHASES ARE LOCATED TOGETHER :4.2.1.1 THE GREATER THE S C FORCES ON THE TUBES 4.2.1.2 THE GREATER THE DEFLECTION
4.2.1.3 THE GREATER THE CANTILEVER FORCES ON THE TUBES

4.2.1.4 THE HIGHER THE EFFECTIVE FIELDSTRENGTH ON THE CONDUCTORS => AN OPTIMISATION OF ALL THE ABOVE IS REQUIRED

4.3.1 OPTIMISATION OF TUBE SPAN LENGTH FOR A GIVEN TUBE DIAMETER & WALL THICKNESS USING THE PROGRAM BUSBAR
INPUT DATA
An example of the program output CALCULATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SHORT-CIRCUIT FORCES ON RIGID BUSBAR SYSTEMS Version 3.0 The forces due to the short circuit are calculated according to the method as proposed by the CIGRE study committee no. 23 and published in Electra no. 66 p37-p69. The calculations are only valid for d65S. The limitation for the busbar is based on a safety factor 2.5 (this included any damping measures). A safety factor of 1.2 is used for post insulators. This program is based on a wind force of 700 Newtons/sqrmof the cross sectional area, a profile factor of 0.6 is used in the case of tubes. The results are only valid for tubes with a maximum wall thickness of 8 mm. For damping purposes insert the following conductors for the full length of the tube (i) for tubes up to 120 mm - one centipede (ii) for tubes larger than 120 mm - one bull For further information on the interpretation of the results, please contact the developers of the package at Transmission Substation Technology Department ************************************************************************ TUBE INFORMATION The tube outside diameter - 200.0 mm The tube wall thickness = 8 mm The busbar has both ends supported Forces Due to 3-Phase Fault is calculated A multispan arrangement is considered GENERAL INFORMATION System voltage Nominal Current Fault level X/R ratio Peak Current Busbar span length = Phase spacing Min phase clearance Mass density Mass per unit length Weight force Wind loading Youngs modulus fx Zx = = = = = 20.00 m = = = = = = = = = 6.00 m 4000 mm 2703.00 kg/cub m 13.04 kg/m 127.95 N/m 84 Nm 6.9120 E+10 N/sqr m 22.2744 E-6 0.2227 E-3 400.0 kV 1000.0 A 50.00 kA 15.00 127.78 kA
OUTPUT DATA
An example of the program output TABLE OF SPAN LENGTH (L) VERSES FORCE AND DEFLECTION
L m 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0
FREQ Hz 134.85 59.93 33.71 21.58 14.98 11.01 8.43 6.66 5.39 4.46 3.73 3.19 2.75 2.40 2.11 1.87 1.66 1.49 1.35 1.22 Nm 64 144 256 400 576 784 1024 1296 1599 1935 2303 2703 3135 3599 4095 4622 5182 5774 6398 7054
MASS MPA 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.8 2.6 3.5 4.6 5.8 7.2 8.7 10.3 12.1 14.1 16.2 18.4 20.8 23.3 25.9 28.7 31.7 mm 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.4 2.6 4.4 7.1 10.8 15.8 22.4 30.9 41.6 54.8 70.9 90.4 113.6 141.0 173.1 210.5
MASS+WIND Nm 77 172 306 478 689 938 1225 1550 1913 2315 2755 3233 3750 4305 4898 5529 6199 6907 7653 8438 MPA 0.3 0.8 1.4 2.1 3.1 4.2 5.5 7.0 8.6 10.4 12.4 14.5 16.8 19.3 22.0 24.8 27.8 31.0 34.4 37.9 mm 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.7 3.1 5.3 8.5 12.9 19.0 26.8 37.0 49.7 65.5 84.8 108.1 135.9 168.7 207.1 251.8
MASS+WIND+SCC Nm 1065 1494 2096 2871 3529 4378 5229 5969 6800 7719 8728 9826 11013 12789 13654 15108 16650 18281 20000 21808 MPA 4.8 6.7 9.4 12.9 15.8 19.7 23.5 26.8 30.5 34.7 39.2 44.1 49.4 55.2 61.3 67.8 74.7 82.1 89.8 97.9 mm 0.3 0.9 2.3 4.9 8.6 14.5 22.6 32.7 46.0 63.2 85.0 1 12.4 146.0 18 7.1 23 6.5 295 .4 365. 0 446. 5 541. 3 650. 7
FORCE (insl) 2377 3565 4753 5942 6658 6223 5965 5827 5772 5777 5828 5914 6027 6162 6315 6482 6662 6852 7051 7257
Conclusions The max permitted span length is otherwise max stress limits would be exceeded The insulator must be able to withstand The recommended min insulator failing load cantilever * Preferred span length to meet the criteria of sag = 20.00 m
= = =
7051 N 8461 N Tube outer diameter

4.3.1 OPTIMISATION OF TUBE SPAN LENGTH FOR A GIVEN TUBE DIAMETER & WALL THICKNESS USING THE PROGRAM BUSBAR
4.3.2 OPTIMISATION OF TUBE TUBE OUTER DIAMETER FOR EFFECTIVE FIELD STRENGTH USIN THE PROGRAM CORONA
AN EXAMPLE OF THE PROGRAM OUTPUT CORONA CALCULATION PROGRAM

INTRODUCTION A computer program based on the image method as discussed in the previous section, was developed for calculation of conductor surface field strengths, as well as corona threshold limits. The corona calculation program will calculate the maximum electric field strength as well as the corona threshold limit for single and bundle stranded conductors as well as tubular conductors. An example of the input and output of the program is shown below for a 200 mm diameter tubular conductor at 1800 m above sea level. ************************************************************************ CORONA CALCULATION PROGRAM System Voltage (kV) = 400.0 mm Number of Phases = 3 Phase Spacing (m) = 7.000 Height above Ground (m) = 5.800 No of Conductors per bundle = 1 Conductor Diameter (mm) = 200.00 Centipede = 26.46 Zebra = 28.60 Bull = 38.4 Conductor on Circle Y/N N Bundle should be centred around phase position Input Co-ordinates should be relative to phase position and be given in mm X Pos. of cond. No.1 1.000 Y Pos. of cond. No.1 1.000 Input effective bundle diameter in mm 1.000 CORONA THRESHOLD LIMITS Relative Air Density = 0.80 Surface Factor: = 0.95 Polished Tubes = 1.00 Extruded Tubes = 0.95 Stranded Conductor = 0.80 Maximum Electric Field Strength: Corona Threshold limit = 17.024 kV/cm Phase 1: 5.3797 kV/cm Corona Absent Phase 2: 5.6419 kV/cm Corona Absent Phase 3: 5.3797 kV/cm Corona Absent Another try? Y/N Y

4.4 LOW PROFILE
4.4.1 PROFILE GENERALLY MUCH LOWER THAN STRUNG BUSBAR SUBSTATIONS 4.4.1.1OMITS STRINGER LEVEL
HIGH THIRD CONDUCTOR LEVEL
LOW PROFILE TUBULAR CONDUCTORS
THREE DIMENSIONAL VIEW OF ETNA SUBSTATION
275kV BB
Y
X1
132kV BB
X Y1

4.4 LOW PROFILE
4.4.1 PROFILE GENERALLY MUCH LOWER THAN STRUNG BUSBAR SUBSTATIONS 4.4.1.1 OMITS STRINGER LEVEL 4.4.1.2 ELIMINATES LARGE NUMBER OF HIGH RISE COLUMNS AND BEAMS
LIMITED THIRD LEVEL APPLICATION TUBULAR CONDUCTOR BUSBARS
EXTENSIVE THIRD LEVEL APPLICATION FLEXIBLE CONDUCTOR BUSBARS
EXTENSIVE THIRD LEVEL APPLICATION FLEXIBLE CONDUCTOR BUSBARS

4.5 LOW PROFILE
4.5.1 LIMITING CONDITIONS 4.5.1.1 SAFE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL WORKING CLEARANCES 4.5.1.2 STAY WITH THE PHILOSOPHY WHER BUSBARS ARE AT A HIGHER LEVEL THAN THE SWITCHGEAR INTERCONNECTING CONDUCTORS 4.5.1.3 THE SURFACE FIELD STRENGTH OF THE TUBULAR CONDUCTORS IS NOT EXCEEDED (Ec > Ee)
4.5.1.4 BETTER TO REMAIN WITH FLEXIBLE CONDUCTORS CONNECTED BETWEEN BUSBARS AND ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT & BETWEEM ITEMSOF EQUIPMENT THEMSELVES
FLEXIBLE CONDUCTORS BETWEEN EQUIPMENT

4.5 LOW PROFILE
4.5.1 LIMITING CONDITIONS 4.5.1.4 BETTER TO REMAIN WITH FLEXIBLE CONDUCTORS CONNECTED BETWEEN BUSBARS AND ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT & BETWEEM ITEMSOF EQUIPMENT THEMSELVES RIGID CONDUCTORS DO NOT READILY ACCOMMODATE REPLACINGEQUIPMENT FROM DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS

6. MODULARITY 6.1 LEND THEMSELVES TO MODULAR TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION 6.1.1 BUILD ONLY WHAT IS REQUIRED, AS & WHEN REQUIRED 6.2 RESULTANT END PRODUCT DOES NOT CONSPICUOUSLY SHOW A SERIES OF EXTENSIONS
EXAMPLE1 :- PHOEBUS 400 kV INTEGRATION INTO AN EXISTING 132/88 kV SUBSTATION

1 x 400 kV LINE BAY - PART OF FINAL WEST-EAST POWER CORRIDOR 1 x 400/132 kV TRFR 1 x 275 kV LINE BAY - EXISTING 275 kV LINE ENERGISED AT 132 kV 1 x 275/132 kV TRFR
PHOEBUS TO BE BUILT TO 400kV INSULATION LEVELS

6. MODULARITY
EXAMPLE1 :- PHOEBUS 400 kV INTEGRATION INTO AN EXISTING 132/88 kV SUBSTATION 1 x 400 kV LINE BAY - PART OF FINAL WEST-EAST POWER CORRIDOR 1 x 400/132 kV TRFR 1 x 275 kV LINE BAY - EXISTING 275 kV LINE ENERGISED AT 132 kV 1 x 275/132 kV TRFR WHEN LOAD INCREASES SUFFICIENTLY & IT CAN BE COST JUSTIFIED, 2 ND 400/132 kV TRFR CAN BE INSTALLED

6. MODULARITY
EXAMPLE 2 :- FURTHER 400 kV INTEGRATION INTO MAPUTO SUBSTATION

SECOND POT-LINE AT MOZAL SMELTER 3 RD 400 kV LINE FROM HENDRINA PS 3 RD 400/132 kV LINE BANKED TRFR TO MOZAL 4 TH 400/132 kV TRFR AS A SPARE
132 kV BY-PASS SYSTEM FOR MOZAL TRFRS & FEEDERS

STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR 400 kV BUS COUPLER B AND BUS SECTION 1
New 400kV Bus Coupler New 400kV Bus Section
2 x New 275kV Shunt Caps
Existing Camden Line
New 400kV Series Cap on Camden Line 2 x New 400kV Shunt Caps
1 x New 132kV Line
2 x Existing 132kV Lines

6. MODULARITY
EXAMPLE 3 :- FURTHER 400 kV INTEGRATION INTO MAPUTO SUBSTATION

MEPANDE UNCUA
525 kV HVAC
533 kV HVDC
POSSIBLE FUTURE HVDC LINES TO MEPANDE UNCUA

7. LOAD GROWTH
7.1 ELECTRICALLY OVERSIZED TUBULAR CONDUCTORS FOR MECHANICAL STRENGTH ALLOWS FOR :7.1.1 LOAD GROWTH AT THE SUBSTATION 7.1.2 GROWTH IN THROUGH POWER - PARTICULARLY ADVANTAGEOUS WHEN WANT TO WIELD POWER FROM ONE COUNTRY TO THE NEXT E.G. SELLING EXCESS CAPACITY FROM MEPANDE UNCUA TO SOUTH AFRICA 7.1.3 OBVIATES HAVING TO RESTRING BUSBARS AS IS GENERALLY THE CASE WITH STRANDED CONDUCTOR BUSBARS E.G. CAMDEN

8. SUPPORT INSULATORS
8.1 NEED TO BE APPROPRIATELY SIZED 8.1.1 USE OF BUSBAR PROGRAM 8.1.2 USE OF SEIL PROGRAM

9. AEOLIAN VIBRATION
9.1 EXCITATION OF THE TUBE VIBRATION AT IT NATURAL FREQUENCY 9.1.1 VORTICES BREAKING AT FREQUENCIES => fn
Boundary Layer
Vortex Shedding b
Tubular Conductor
Laminar Flow of Air
Vortex
Whirl Path of Krmn Generated at Laminar Flow Around a Cylindrical Obstacle

9.1 EXCITATION OF THE TUBE VIBRATION AT IT NATURAL FREQUENCY 9.1.1 VORTICES BREAKING AT FREQUENCIES => fn 9.1.2 DAMPING OF OSCILLATIONS 9.1.2.1 USE OF TUNED DAMPERS (TUNED FOR A NARROW BAND WIDTH)
Leaf Spring Dashpot Active Mass
Sketch of Low Frequency Absorber (High Frequency Absorber Similar but with Stiffer Springs
TYPICAL VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF AN 8m FLEXIBLY MOUNTED SPAN

9.1 EXCITATION OF THE TUBE VIBRATION AT IT NATURAL FREQUENCY 9.1.1 VORTICES BREAKING AT FREQUENCIES => fn 9.1.2 DAMPING OF OSCILLATIONS 9.1.2.1 USE OF TUNED DAMPERS (TUNED FOR A NARROW BAND WIDTH) CONDUCTOR DAMPERS - NOT AS EFFECTIVE AS TUNED DAMPERS BUT COVER A WIDE SPECTRUM OF FREQUENCIES
CONDUCTORS IN TUBES AS DAMPERS
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD LIMITS
Epub = 5kV/m Bpub = 100T
Eop = 10kV/m Bop = 500T
SUBSPAN BUNDLE COLLAPSE PRIOR TO FAULT
Sub-span length
Spacer
Spacer
SUBSPAN BUNDLE COLLAPSE CONDUCTORS NOT TOUCHING
Sub-span length
Spacer
Spacer
Conductor tension
Spacer Spacing
SUBSPAN BUNDLE MAXIMUM TENSION
Sub-span length
Spacer
Spacer
Conductor tension
Spacer Spacing
SUBSPAN BUNDLE TOTAL BUNDLE COLLAPSE
Sub-span length
Spacer
Spacer
Conductor tension
Spacer Spacing

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SUBSTATION DESIGN

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF SUBSTATION

1.1 GENERAL SYSTEM STRENGTHENING DUE TO INCREASED LOADS

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF SUBSTATION

2.1 LOOK AT EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE FOR UPGRADING

FUTURE MEPANDA UNCUA HYDRO-ELECTRIC SCHEME

ARNOT PS MAPUTO SS INFULENE SS

OVERVIEW OF LINE ROUTES INTO MAPUTO

MOTRACO NETWORK PHASE 1

MOTRACO NETWORK PHASE 2

MOTRACO NETWORK PHASE 1

FUTURE NETWORK INCORPORATING MEPANDA UNCUA

AFRICA GRID PLAN - 2003 FUTURE AND PROPOSED

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF SUBSTATION

3.1 TYPES OF STATIONS 3.1.1 TRANSFORMATION SUBSTATIONS

MAPUTO SUBSTATION PHASE 2 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

MAPUTO SUBSTATION PHASE 2 KEY PLAN

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF SUBSTATION

3.1 TYPES OF STATIONS 3.1.1 TRANSFORMATION SUBSTATIONS

3.1.2 POWER INJECTION STATIONS - POWER STATIONS

MATIMBA POWER STATION POWER INJECTION

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF SUBSTATION

3.1 TYPES OF STATIONS 3.1.1 TRANSFORMATION SUBSTATIONS

3.1.2 POWER INJECTION STATIONS - POWER STATIONS

KRONOS SWITCHING STATION POWER COMPENSATION ON LONG LINES

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF SUBSTATION

COMPARASON BETWEEN AIS AND GIS SUBSTATION FOOTPRINT FOR HECTOR

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF SUBSTATION

3.1 TYPES OF STATIONS

OUTDOOR GIS - SEISMIC AREAS

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF SUBSTATION

3.3 CONSTRAINING PARAMETERS DICTATING THE PHILOSOPHY

USING VEGETATION TO CONCEAL A SUBSTATION

SUBSTATION SUROUNDED BY PLANTATION

LOCATING TREES AND SHRUBS

Concealment very limited Reasonable High

SINGLE VS MULTIPLE TERRACES

SINGLE TERRACE TO BE AVOIDED

MULTIPLE TERRACE TO BE RECOMMENDED

EXAMPLE OF THE ECOLOGICAL PLANNING FOR A HIGH VOLTAGE SUBSTATION

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF SUBSTATION

3.3 CONSTRAINING PARAMETERS DICTATING THE PHILOSOPHY

3.3.1.2 THE HABITAT OF ENDANGERED SPECIES

COMPARASON BETWEEN AIS AND GIS SUBSTATION FOOTPRINT FOR HECTOR

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF SUBSTATION

3.3 CONSTRAINING PARAMETERS DICTATING THE PHILOSOPHY

3.3.3 SEISMIC CONDITIONS

MAPUTO SUBSTATION LOCATED ON A WELL DRAINED ELEVATED POINT

MAPUTO SUBSTATION SINGLE TERRACE FALLING IN TWO DIRECTIONS

EARTHWORKS CUT LINES

CROSSECTION THROUGH TERRACE

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF SUBSTATION

3.4 TYPES OF STATIONS DETERMINED BY ENVIROMENTAL AND OTHER PARAMETERS

DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH TRANSFER

DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH BYPASS

BREAKER AND A HALF SCHEME

INDOOR GAS INSULATED SYSTEM

OUTDOOR GAS INSULATED SYSTEM

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF SUBSTATION

3.4 TYPES OF STATIONS DETERMINED BY ENVIROMENTAL AND OTHER PARAMETERS

OVERHEAD STRUNG BUSBARS

OVERHEAD FLEXIBLE CONDUCTOR BUSBARS ATHENE 400/132kV SUBSTATION

OVERHEAD FLEXIBLE CONDUCTOR BUSBARS ATHENE 400/132kV SUBSTATION