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BRAAM GROENEWALD
KOMATIPOORT SUBSTATION
MOZAL SMELTER SS
MAPUTO
CAMDEN PS
CAMDEN
~132kV
~400kV
EDWALENI II
MAPUTO
MOZAL
~275kV
INFULENE
x
x x
x
450MVAr
72MVAr
72MVAr
CAMDEN
x
450MVAr
100MVAr
MAPUTO
~132kV MOZAL
100MVAr
~400kV
EDWALENI II
x x x x
x x x
x
x x x x
3.1 TYPES OF STATIONS 3.2 TYPES OF STATIONS DETERMINED BY CONSTRAINING PARAMETERS 3.2.1 GAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS 3.2.1.1 INDOOR METAL CLAD
192
400kV AIS
400kV GIS Trfr 1 275kV GIS 275kV AIS Trfr 2 Trfr 3 Trfr 4 SVC Trfrs
69
~10%
INDOOR GIS
3. SUBSTATION PHILOSOPHY
3.2 TYPES OF STATIONS DETERMINED BY CONSTRAINING PARAMETERS 3.2.1 GAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS 3.2.1.1 INDOOR METAL CLAD 3.2.1.2 OUTDOOR METAL CLAD
Transmission Tower
Visual Distance
a)
b)
3. SUBSTATION PHILOSOPHY
192
400kV AIS
400kV GIS Trfr 1 275kV GIS 275kV AIS Trfr 2 Trfr 3 Trfr 4 SVC Trfrs
69
~10%
FALL
FALL
GIS BAYS
3. SUBSTATION PHILOSOPHY
d (Phase-to-Earth)
d (Bundle)
d (Phase-to-Phase)
Busbar Attachment Level Dp-p + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + db (Bundle spacing) + dc (Conductor dia.)
d (Bundle)
d (Phase-to-Phase) Equipment Attachment Level Dp-e + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + .db (Bundle spacing) + .dc (Conductor dia.) Ground Level
d (Bundle)
fs = 9,81.mi.Lc2 8.T
fs = maximum conductor sag (m) mi = mass of conductor (kg/m) Lc = conductor span length (m) T = tension per conductor (N)
= tan-1(n.T/{9,81.mi})
Sag due to Insulator Assembly = Li.sin[tan-1(n.T/{9,81.mi})] mi = mass of assembly (kg/m) Li = connecting length of assembly (m) n = number of conductors
508
100 78 100
60
3277
3277
82
100
78 78
Li = 7738
SIDE VIEW
420
PLAN VIEW
d (Bundle)
Equipment Attachment Level Dp-e + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + .db (Bundle spacing) + .dc (Conductor dia.) Ground Level
Busbar Attachment Level Dp-p + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + db (Bundle spacing) + dc (Conductor dia.) d (Phase-to-Phase) Equipment Attachment Level Dp-e + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + .db (Bundle spacing) + .dc (Conductor dia.) Ground Level
d (Bundle)
d (Bundle)
Stringer Attachment Level Dp-p + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + db (Bundle spacing) + dc (Conductor dia.)
d (Bundle)
d (Phase-to-Phase)
Busbar Attachment Level Dp-p + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + db (Bundle spacing) + dc (Conductor dia.)
d (Bundle)
d (Phase-to-Phase) Equipment Attachment Level Dp-e + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + .db (Bundle spacing) + .dc (Conductor dia.) Ground Level
d (Bundle)
d (Phase-to-Earth)
d (Bundle)
d (Phase-to-Phase)
Busbar Attachment Level Dp-p + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + db (Bundle spacing) + dc (Conductor dia.)
d (Bundle)
d (Phase-to-Phase) Equipment Attachment Level Dp-e + Conductor Sag (Max Temp) + .db (Bundle spacing) + .dc (Conductor dia.) Ground Level
d (Bundle)
Horizontal Displacement
420
420
30o
ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES
PHASE SPACING
Conductor Phase Spacing
3. SUBSTATION PHILOSOPHY
3. SUBSTATION PHILOSOPHY
4. BUSBAR CONFIGURATIONS
4. BUSBAR CONFIGURATIONS
4. BUSBAR CONFIGURATIONS
4. BUSBAR CONFIGURATIONS
4. BUSBAR CONFIGURATIONS
4.1 SINGLE BUSBAR 4.2 DOUBLE BUSBARS 4.3 TRIPLE BUSBARS 4.3.1 DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH TRANSFER
4. BUSBAR CONFIGURATIONS
4.1 SINGLE BUSBAR 4.2 DOUBLE BUSBARS 4.3 TRIPLE BUSBARS 4.3.1 DOUBLE BUSBAR SELECTION WITH TRANSFER 4.3.2 TRIPLE BUSBAR SELECTION
4. BUSBAR CONFIGURATIONS
T1
T2
ZONE 2 B/B 2
B/B 1 ZONE 1
B/C
F1
F2 (FUTURE)
T1
T2
T3
B/B 2
ZONE 2
B/B 1
ZONE 1
B/C A
F1
F2
B/C B
T1
T2
ZONE 2 B/B 2
B/B 1 ZONE 1
B/C
F1
F2
T1
T2
T3
ZONE 2
B/B 2
B/S B/B 1 ZONE 1 ZONE 3
B/C A
F1
F2
F3 (FUTURE)
B/C B
ZONE 2 B/B 2
B/B 1B B/B 1A
ZONE 1
B/S
ZONE 3
B/C A
F1
F2
B/C B
T1
T2
T3
B/B 2
ZONE 6
B/C A
F1
F2
F3
B/C B
T1
T2
T3
ZONE 2 B/B 2
ZONE 4
ZONE 6
B/S ISOL 2 ZONE 5
B/S 1
B/B 1
ZONE 1
B/S 2
B/C A
F1
F2
F3
B/C B
T1
T2
ZONE 2
B/B 2
B/B 1 ZONE 1
B/C
F1
F2
T1
T2
T3
B/B 1
ZONE 1 ZONE 3
B/C A
F1
F2
F3 (FUTURE)
B/C B
5.4 ZONING OF TRANSFORMERS 5.5 POSITIONING OF IMPORTANT FEEDERS TO THE SAME DESTINATION
T1
T2
T3
ZONE 2
B/S 1
B/B ISOL 2
ZONE 6
B/B 2
B/C A
F1
F2
F3
B/C B
5.4 ZONING OF TRANSFORMERS 5.5 POSITIONING OF IMPORTANT FEEDERS TO THE SAME DESTINATION
T1
T2
T3
B/B 2
ZONE 4
B/B ISOL 2
ZONE 6
ZONE 5
B/C A
F1
F2
F3
B/C B
MOZAL SS
MAPUTO SS
6. SUBSTATION LAYOUTS
< 23000
< 23000
1524 1524
1524 1524
1524 1524
CONCRETE ROAD
FIRE WALL
FIRE WALL
6. SUBSTATION LAYOUTS
STEP POTENTIAL
If
Rk Rk RF R1 R2 If RF R1 R0 R2
Step Potential
RF R0
RF
TOUCH POTENTIAL
If Ik Rk Rk Ik RF/2
If RF/2
R1 R0
R1
Touch Potential
R0
6. SUBSTATION LAYOUTS
6. SUBSTATION LAYOUTS
7.1 VARIOUS TYPES OF BAYS - PURPOSE OF BAY 7.1.1 TRANSFORMER BAY 7.1.2 FEEDER BAY WITH DOUBLE B/B SELECTION WITH BY-PASS
TYPICAL TUBULAR BB BUS COUPLER BAY WITH FUTURE TRANSFER BUS COUPLER
TYPICAL TUBULAR BB SHUNT REACTOR BAY WITH CONNECTION TO BYPASS BB FOR DUAL SELECTION
COST (R)
1,2
(1,16)
1,1
(1,04)
1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 Theoretical Break Even Point
3000
5400 3xBull
4000
TUBE
CANTILEVER FORCES DUE TO FAULT CURRENT COMBINATION SUPPORT STRUCTURE FOR 3 PHASES
Attraction
Repulsion
Attraction
Repulsion
1.1.4 THE CANTILEVER FORCES EXERTED ON IT VIA THE POST INSULATORS DUE TO THE SHORT CIRCUIT FORCES ON THE TUBES
1.1.5 THE FORCES DUE TO WIND LOADING ON THE TUBES
a
ia
b
ib
c
ic
b
ib2
c
ic2
- EFFECTIVE FIELD STRENGTH ON CONDUCTORS f(HEIGHT OF PHASE CONDUCTORS ABOVE GROUND, PHASE SPACING) 4.1.2 E = 2,4 . m . ( 1 + 0,0937 ) . (10/2) (2) ( . )0,4
m = Factor to allow for surface roughness (1,0 - polished tube, 0,8 - stranded conductor)
= Conductor radius in metres = Relative air density (RAD) Ec m, 1/ , 1/ Ec > Ee (NO CORONA)
EFFECTIVE FIELD STRENGTH ON CONDUCTORS f(HEIGHT OF PHASE CONDUCTORS ABOVE GROUND, PHASE SPACING)
4.2.1 THE CLOSER THE PHASES ARE LOCATED TOGETHER :4.2.1.1 THE GREATER THE S C FORCES ON THE TUBES 4.2.1.2 THE GREATER THE DEFLECTION
4.3.1 OPTIMISATION OF TUBE SPAN LENGTH FOR A GIVEN TUBE DIAMETER & WALL THICKNESS USING THE PROGRAM BUSBAR
INPUT DATA
An example of the program output CALCULATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SHORT-CIRCUIT FORCES ON RIGID BUSBAR SYSTEMS Version 3.0 The forces due to the short circuit are calculated according to the method as proposed by the CIGRE study committee no. 23 and published in Electra no. 66 p37-p69. The calculations are only valid for d65S. The limitation for the busbar is based on a safety factor 2.5 (this included any damping measures). A safety factor of 1.2 is used for post insulators. This program is based on a wind force of 700 Newtons/sqrmof the cross sectional area, a profile factor of 0.6 is used in the case of tubes. The results are only valid for tubes with a maximum wall thickness of 8 mm. For damping purposes insert the following conductors for the full length of the tube (i) for tubes up to 120 mm - one centipede (ii) for tubes larger than 120 mm - one bull For further information on the interpretation of the results, please contact the developers of the package at Transmission Substation Technology Department ************************************************************************ TUBE INFORMATION The tube outside diameter - 200.0 mm The tube wall thickness = 8 mm The busbar has both ends supported Forces Due to 3-Phase Fault is calculated A multispan arrangement is considered GENERAL INFORMATION System voltage Nominal Current Fault level X/R ratio Peak Current Busbar span length = Phase spacing Min phase clearance Mass density Mass per unit length Weight force Wind loading Youngs modulus fx Zx = = = = = 20.00 m = = = = = = = = = 6.00 m 4000 mm 2703.00 kg/cub m 13.04 kg/m 127.95 N/m 84 Nm 6.9120 E+10 N/sqr m 22.2744 E-6 0.2227 E-3 400.0 kV 1000.0 A 50.00 kA 15.00 127.78 kA
OUTPUT DATA
An example of the program output TABLE OF SPAN LENGTH (L) VERSES FORCE AND DEFLECTION
L m 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0
FREQ Hz 134.85 59.93 33.71 21.58 14.98 11.01 8.43 6.66 5.39 4.46 3.73 3.19 2.75 2.40 2.11 1.87 1.66 1.49 1.35 1.22 Nm 64 144 256 400 576 784 1024 1296 1599 1935 2303 2703 3135 3599 4095 4622 5182 5774 6398 7054
MASS MPA 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.8 2.6 3.5 4.6 5.8 7.2 8.7 10.3 12.1 14.1 16.2 18.4 20.8 23.3 25.9 28.7 31.7 mm 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.4 2.6 4.4 7.1 10.8 15.8 22.4 30.9 41.6 54.8 70.9 90.4 113.6 141.0 173.1 210.5
MASS+WIND Nm 77 172 306 478 689 938 1225 1550 1913 2315 2755 3233 3750 4305 4898 5529 6199 6907 7653 8438 MPA 0.3 0.8 1.4 2.1 3.1 4.2 5.5 7.0 8.6 10.4 12.4 14.5 16.8 19.3 22.0 24.8 27.8 31.0 34.4 37.9 mm 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.7 3.1 5.3 8.5 12.9 19.0 26.8 37.0 49.7 65.5 84.8 108.1 135.9 168.7 207.1 251.8
MASS+WIND+SCC Nm 1065 1494 2096 2871 3529 4378 5229 5969 6800 7719 8728 9826 11013 12789 13654 15108 16650 18281 20000 21808 MPA 4.8 6.7 9.4 12.9 15.8 19.7 23.5 26.8 30.5 34.7 39.2 44.1 49.4 55.2 61.3 67.8 74.7 82.1 89.8 97.9 mm 0.3 0.9 2.3 4.9 8.6 14.5 22.6 32.7 46.0 63.2 85.0 1 12.4 146.0 18 7.1 23 6.5 295 .4 365. 0 446. 5 541. 3 650. 7
FORCE (insl) 2377 3565 4753 5942 6658 6223 5965 5827 5772 5777 5828 5914 6027 6162 6315 6482 6662 6852 7051 7257
Conclusions The max permitted span length is otherwise max stress limits would be exceeded The insulator must be able to withstand The recommended min insulator failing load cantilever * Preferred span length to meet the criteria of sag = 20.00 m
= = =
4.3.1 OPTIMISATION OF TUBE SPAN LENGTH FOR A GIVEN TUBE DIAMETER & WALL THICKNESS USING THE PROGRAM BUSBAR
4.3.2 OPTIMISATION OF TUBE TUBE OUTER DIAMETER FOR EFFECTIVE FIELD STRENGTH USIN THE PROGRAM CORONA
4.4.1 PROFILE GENERALLY MUCH LOWER THAN STRUNG BUSBAR SUBSTATIONS 4.4.1.1OMITS STRINGER LEVEL
275kV BB
Y
X1
132kV BB
X Y1
4.4.1 PROFILE GENERALLY MUCH LOWER THAN STRUNG BUSBAR SUBSTATIONS 4.4.1.1 OMITS STRINGER LEVEL 4.4.1.2 ELIMINATES LARGE NUMBER OF HIGH RISE COLUMNS AND BEAMS
4.5.1 LIMITING CONDITIONS 4.5.1.1 SAFE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL WORKING CLEARANCES 4.5.1.2 STAY WITH THE PHILOSOPHY WHER BUSBARS ARE AT A HIGHER LEVEL THAN THE SWITCHGEAR INTERCONNECTING CONDUCTORS 4.5.1.3 THE SURFACE FIELD STRENGTH OF THE TUBULAR CONDUCTORS IS NOT EXCEEDED (Ec > Ee)
4.5.1.4 BETTER TO REMAIN WITH FLEXIBLE CONDUCTORS CONNECTED BETWEEN BUSBARS AND ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT & BETWEEM ITEMSOF EQUIPMENT THEMSELVES
4.5.1 LIMITING CONDITIONS 4.5.1.4 BETTER TO REMAIN WITH FLEXIBLE CONDUCTORS CONNECTED BETWEEN BUSBARS AND ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT & BETWEEM ITEMSOF EQUIPMENT THEMSELVES RIGID CONDUCTORS DO NOT READILY ACCOMMODATE REPLACINGEQUIPMENT FROM DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS
EXAMPLE1 :- PHOEBUS 400 kV INTEGRATION INTO AN EXISTING 132/88 kV SUBSTATION 1 x 400 kV LINE BAY - PART OF FINAL WEST-EAST POWER CORRIDOR 1 x 400/132 kV TRFR 1 x 275 kV LINE BAY - EXISTING 275 kV LINE ENERGISED AT 132 kV 1 x 275/132 kV TRFR WHEN LOAD INCREASES SUFFICIENTLY & IT CAN BE COST JUSTIFIED, 2 ND 400/132 kV TRFR CAN BE INSTALLED
New 400kV Series Cap on Camden Line 2 x New 400kV Shunt Caps
525 kV HVAC
533 kV HVDC
7.1 ELECTRICALLY OVERSIZED TUBULAR CONDUCTORS FOR MECHANICAL STRENGTH ALLOWS FOR :7.1.1 LOAD GROWTH AT THE SUBSTATION 7.1.2 GROWTH IN THROUGH POWER - PARTICULARLY ADVANTAGEOUS WHEN WANT TO WIELD POWER FROM ONE COUNTRY TO THE NEXT E.G. SELLING EXCESS CAPACITY FROM MEPANDE UNCUA TO SOUTH AFRICA 7.1.3 OBVIATES HAVING TO RESTRING BUSBARS AS IS GENERALLY THE CASE WITH STRANDED CONDUCTOR BUSBARS E.G. CAMDEN
8.1 NEED TO BE APPROPRIATELY SIZED 8.1.1 USE OF BUSBAR PROGRAM 8.1.2 USE OF SEIL PROGRAM
9.1 EXCITATION OF THE TUBE VIBRATION AT IT NATURAL FREQUENCY 9.1.1 VORTICES BREAKING AT FREQUENCIES => fn
Boundary Layer
Vortex Shedding b
Tubular Conductor
Vortex
9.1 EXCITATION OF THE TUBE VIBRATION AT IT NATURAL FREQUENCY 9.1.1 VORTICES BREAKING AT FREQUENCIES => fn 9.1.2 DAMPING OF OSCILLATIONS 9.1.2.1 USE OF TUNED DAMPERS (TUNED FOR A NARROW BAND WIDTH)
Sketch of Low Frequency Absorber (High Frequency Absorber Similar but with Stiffer Springs
9.1 EXCITATION OF THE TUBE VIBRATION AT IT NATURAL FREQUENCY 9.1.1 VORTICES BREAKING AT FREQUENCIES => fn 9.1.2 DAMPING OF OSCILLATIONS 9.1.2.1 USE OF TUNED DAMPERS (TUNED FOR A NARROW BAND WIDTH) CONDUCTOR DAMPERS - NOT AS EFFECTIVE AS TUNED DAMPERS BUT COVER A WIDE SPECTRUM OF FREQUENCIES
Sub-span length
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Sub-span length
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Conductor tension
Spacer Spacing
Sub-span length
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Conductor tension
Spacer Spacing
Sub-span length
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Conductor tension
Spacer Spacing