Technical Seminar on Overview of Functionally Graded Materials

By Mr. Pradeepkumar chikkamath 2VX13MPD11 M.Tech 2nd sem VTU Belgaum Under the guidance of: Prof. Dr.R.R.Malagi Asst.Prof.Anil Pol Asst.Prof.Prasad Raikar

Agenda
1. Introduction 2. Literature survey 3. Classification 4. Why Functionally Graded Materials 5. Applications 6. Advantages 7. Future scope 8. Conclusion

Introduction
The class of materials which both its composition and structure gradually change over volume therefore changing the properties of the material in order to perform a certain function(s). Thus, material properties depend on the spatial position in the structure.

The properties that may be designed/controlled for desired functionality include chemical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties

Literature Survey
1.Fundamentals of Functionally Graded Materials: Processing and Thermomechanical Behaviour of Graded Metals and MetalCeramic Composites, S. Suresh and A. Mortensen Material Science and Engineering A362 (2013) 481-5; 2.Processing Techniques for Functionally Graded Materials, B.Kieback, A. Neubrand, H.Riedel, Material Science and Engineering A362 (2003) 81-105; 3. Infiltration and physical characteristics of functionally graded alumina/calcium-hexaluminate composites, D.Asmi, I.M. Low, Journal of Material Processing Technology, 118 (2001) 225-230 4.Fundamentals of liquid phase sintering for modern cermets and functionally graded cemented carbonitrides (FGCC), Limin Chen, Walter Lengauer, Peter Ettmayer, Klaus Dreyer, Hans W. Daub, Dieter Kassel, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 18 (2000) 307-322; 5.Synthesis of functionally gradient NiCr-Al/MgO-ZrO2 coating by plasma spray technique, S. Eroglu, N.C.Birla, M.Demirci, T. Baykara, Journal of Material Science Letters 12 (1993), 1099-

Classification
FGMs may be compositionally or micro-structurally graded The gradient is established through a transition function (usually volume fraction as a function of one or more spatial coordinates) FGMs come in several types, depending on their constituents (e.g. ceramic-metal, metal-metal)

GRADATION

Continuous

Stepped

Ceramic-Metal
Metal-Metal/Intermetallic

TiC-Ni, Mullite-Mo, Al-AlB2

W-Cu, W-Mo, Al-Al3Fe

Metal-Polymer

Al-Polycarbonate

Others Single material (variation in porosity) Glass Ceramic Ceramic - Ceramic

MODELING OF FGMS

Pure Component A

% Component

% Component

Pure Component B

E1

E2

E1

E2

MODELING OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS

1) Linear rule of mixtures (function of local volume fraction)
In general, applicable only to metal-metal FGMs, may be

used as a first approximation for different compositions

2) Halpin-Tsai
More complex, takes into account the aspect ratio of the inclusions (s)

Natural Example for FGMs

The human bone is a an example of a FGM. It is a mix of collagen (ductile protein polymer) and hydroxyapatite (brittle calcium phospate ceramic). The yellow marrow consists of fat which contributes to the weight and the red marrow is where the formation of red blood cells occur. A gradual increase in the pore distribution from the interior to the surface can pass on properties such as shock resistance, thermal insulation, catalytic efficiency, and the relaxation of the thermal stress. The distribution of the porosity affect the tensile strength and the Youngs modulus

AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS

Ceramic-metal FGMs are particularly suited for thermal barriers in space vehicles.

They have the added advantage that the metal side can be bolted onto the airframe rather than bonded as are the ceramic tiles used in the Orbiter.
Other possible uses include combustion chamber insulation in ramjet or scramjet engines

We come across Functionally graded materials in our daily life

Structural walls that combine two or more functions including thermal and sound insulation

Enhanced body coatings for cars including graded coatings with particles such as dioxide/mica

Enhanced sports equipment such as golf clubs, tennis rackets, and skis with added graded combinations of flexibility, elasticity, or rigidity

Future Scope
The study was just an overview about the Functionally graded materials and study can be specialized in regards to required properties The study can also be carried on the micro structure of the materials and Nanostructure which can yield much better results The research regarding the machinabelity and weldebelity are in process. Analytical Modeling using higher order functions for this class of materials can help the engineer to select the best suited materials for use hence higher order o functions need to be formulated

Conclusion
The Functionally graded materials study is the new area of study the beauty of this class of materials is that any desired property at any corner of space of the product can be achieved in order to sustain any kind of loading conditions. Functionally graded materials serves their capability best in the field of aerospace, nuclear power , automotive power transmission and Biomedical fields.

Queries?