Multiple access techniques 1-FDMA 2-TDMA

3-CDMA
4-OFDMA 5-DATA FRAMES
STC Systel Training Center 1

FDMA
Strength

f1

f2

f3

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TDMA
Strength

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CDMA
Strength

Frequency

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OFDM and CDMA Communications Systems

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Spread Spectrum Technique Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading PN Sequences and orthogonal codes Immunity to interference Applications

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM - Basic System Architecture - Applications
STC Systel Training Center 7

Outline
Multiple Access Techniques Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Spread Spectrum Technique Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading PN Sequences and orthogonal codes Immunity to interference Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM - Basic System Architecture - Applications
STC Systel Training Center 8

Multiple Access Techniques

Lack of resources. Trying to optimize the usage of the available ones.

TDMA
STC

FDMA
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CDMA

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

The whole system spectrum is allocated for single user for pre-defined burst of time.

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Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Advantages - More efficient use of spectrum, compared to FDMA - No need for precise narrowband filters - Flexible bit rate - Easy for mobile or base stations to initiate and execute hands off - Extended battery life
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Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Disadvantages - Requires network-wide timing synchronization - Multipath distortion

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Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Pre-defined band of the system spectrum is allocated for single user all the time.

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Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Advantages - Sub-bands can be treated as independent systems - Capacity increase can be obtained by reducing the information bit rate and using efficient digital code - No need for network timing
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Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Disadvantages - The presence of guard bands - Requires right RF filtering to minimize adjacent channel interference - Channel bandwidth is relatively narrow (30kHz) - Maximum bit rate per channel is fixed - Idle channels add to spectrum inefficiency
STC Systel Training Center 15

Outline
Multiple Access Techniques Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Spread Spectrum Technique Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading PN Sequences and orthogonal codes Immunity to interference Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM - Basic System Architecture - Applications
STC Systel Training Center 16

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

The whole system spectrum is allocated for single user all the time.

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Spread Spectrum Technique Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading PN Sequences and orthogonal codes Immunity to interference Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM - Basic System Architecture - Applications
STC Systel Training Center 18

Spread Spectrum Technique

Spectrum: Power spectrum associated with the base-band signal. Spread Spectrum: Spreading the base-band spectrum over a given bandwidth. Total energy under the power spectrum curve remains the same after spreading and amplitude may reach the noise level.

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Spread Spectrum Technique Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading PN Sequences and orthogonal codes Immunity to interference Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM - Basic System Architecture - Applications
STC Systel Training Center 20

Direct Sequence Spreading

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Direct Sequence De-Spreading

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Spread Spectrum Technique Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading PN Sequences and orthogonal codes Immunity to interference Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM - Basic System Architecture - Applications
STC Systel Training Center 23

PN Sequences
Orthogonal Codes Walsh Codes

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Spread Spectrum Technique Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading PN Sequences and orthogonal codes Immunity to interference Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM - Basic System Architecture - Applications
STC Systel Training Center 25

Immunity to Interference

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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Advantages - Greatest spectrum efficiency - No absolute limit on the number of users - Easy addition of more users - Impossible for hackers to decipher the code sent - No sense of handoff when changing cells Soft Handoff - Simplified frequency planning - Random Walsh codes enhance user privacy - Precise power control increases talk time and battery life for mobile phones
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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Disadvantages - As the number of users increases, the overall quality of service decreases - Near- Far- problem arises - Low ability of complying with existing systems

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Multiple Access Techniques Comparison

TDMA FDMA Low CDMA High

Spectrum Efficiency Security

Backward Compatibility Ease of Implementation Frequency Reuse Transmission Mode
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Medium

Low
Medium High Same frequency Burst

Low
High High

High
Low Low

Depends on Same frequency interference level

Continuous
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Continuous
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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Spread Spectrum Technique Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading PN Sequences and orthogonal codes Immunity to interference Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM - Basic System Architecture - Applications
STC Systel Training Center 30

Applications
IS-95: The North American DS-CDMA Standard (cdmaOne) WCDMA (UMTS) GPS

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Spread Spectrum Technique Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading PN Sequences and orthogonal codes Immunity to interference Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM - Basic System Architecture - Applications
STC Systel Training Center 32

OFDM Modulation
Five FDM sub-carriers

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OFDM Modulation
Five OFDM sub-carriers

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Spread Spectrum Technique Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading PN Sequences and orthogonal codes Immunity to interference Applications

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM - Basic System Architecture - Applications
STC Systel Training Center 35

Basic System Architecture

y0 y1 r0 r1 x0 x1 x0 x1
. Guard Parallel u ,..., u Digital to . 0 2047 interval to serial analog . insertion x converter converter 2046 x2047

y0 , y1... y1511

. Serial to . parallel . converter y 1510 y1511

Mapper

. . .

IFFT

. . .

Front end

s (t )

r2046 r2047

x2046 x2047

TPS and Pilots

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Basic System Architecture

zeros r0 r171 r172 r173 =y0 r206

First Pilot sub-carrier First Data Symbol

Serial to parallel converter

First TPS sub-carrier

IFFT

r1875 =y1511 Last Data Symbol r1876 Last Pilot sub-carrier r1877 r2047 zeros TPS and Pilots

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Basic System Architecture

y0 y1 r0 r1 x0 x1 x0 x1
. Guard Parallel u ,..., u Digital to . 0 2047 interval to serial analog . insertion x converter converter 2046 x2047

y0 , y1... y1511

. Serial to . parallel . converter y 1510 y1511

Mapper

. . .

IFFT

. . .

Front end

s (t )

r2046 r2047

x2046 x2047

TPS and Pilots

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Basic System Architecture

x1536 x2047 x0
Parallel to Serial Converter

IFFT

x1535 x1536 x2047

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Basic System Architecture

y0 y1 r0 r1 x0 x1 x0 x1
. Guard Parallel u ,..., u Digital to . 0 2047 interval to serial analog . insertion x converter converter 2046 x2047

y0 , y1... y1511

. Serial to . parallel . converter y 1510 y1511

Mapper

. . .

IFFT

. . .

Front end

s (t )

r2046 r2047

x2046 x2047

TPS and Pilots

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Pilots
Sub-carrier index
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 .

Symbol 1 Symbol 2 Symbol 3 Symbol 4 Symbol 5

...
: Data sub-carrier

: Pilot sub-carrier

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Pilots
Sub-carrier index
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 .

Symbol 1 Symbol 2 Symbol 3 Symbol 4 Symbol 5

...
: Data sub-carrier

: Pilot sub-carrier

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Spread Spectrum Technique Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading PN Sequences and orthogonal codes Immunity to interference Applications

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM - Basic System Architecture - Applications
STC Systel Training Center 43

Questions
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Applications
DAB DVB-T/H ADSL VDSL2 WiMAX

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Data Frames
E1 Frame T1 Fram

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E1 Frame

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T1 Frame

-- Each T1 line is split into 24 channels referred to as DS0's. Each channel is 8 bits wide and the frame is sent on a 8KHz boundary. - Every frame has synchronization bit at the beginning (8000 Hz). The data capacity is therefore (24x8x8000)+8000 = 1.544Mbits/sec.

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