MIS & DSS UNIT-I

DISHA TECHNICAL CAMPUS

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Information technology (IT), is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.

It encompasses the computer and information systems industries,

It is the capability to electronically input, process, store, output, transmit, and receive data and information,

It is the ability to control machines of all kinds electronically.

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ADVANTAGES OF IMPLEMENTATING I.T.

Globalization -

Communication
Cost effectiveness Bridging the cultural gap More time Creation of new jobs -

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DISADVANTAGES OF IMPLEMENTATING I.T.

Unemployment

Privacy

Lack of job security

Dominant culture

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COMPUTER SCIENCE VS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Computer science encompasses a variety of topics that relates to computation. Information Technology encompasses the technology related to information processing

Computer science has roots in electrical engineering, mathematics, and linguistics. In the last third of the 20th century computer science emerged as a distinct discipline and developed its own methods and terminology.

(IT) is the technology required for information processing. In particular the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime. IT" is the mixture and application of "Programming", "Hardware Administration", "Software Administration", "Networking", "Network Security" and "Technical Support".

"Computer Science" is the mixture and application of "Applied Mathematics", "Electrical Engineering", and "Complexity Theory/Algos" to understand and/or model information.

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DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Data Base: A structured set of Data or Database is a collection of data, typically describing the activities of one or more related organizations. Database might contain information about the following: Entities Relationships

FUNCTIONS OF A DBMS
A Data Definition Language (DDL) to define a database. A Data Manipulation Language (DML) to insert, update, delete and query data in the database. Concurrency Control: This allow shared access to the Database. Buffer Management: This function is responsible for transferring data to and from main memory and secondary storage. Query Processing and Optimization: It determines the optimum strategy for a query execution.

FUNCTIONS OF A DBMS
Recovery: The DBMS must take steps to ensure that if the database fails, it remains in a consistent state.

Security Control: The DBMS should prevent unauthorized access to the database.
Data Integrity: The DBMS provides the facility for enforcing integrity constraints .

Data Dictionary: A DBMS includes a repository for storing meta data.

CAPABILITIES OF DBMS

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DBMS- ADVANTAGES
Greater processing power Fits the needs of many medium to large-sized organizations Provides user views relevant to tasks performed.

Minimized Redundancy

Data Integrity

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DBMS- ADVANTAGES
Ensures data integrity by managing transactions (ACID test = atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) Supports simultaneous access Enforces design criteria in relation to data format and structure

Provides backup and recovery controls

Advanced security

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DBMS- DISADVANTAGES
Difficult to learn

Packaged separately from the operating system

Slower processing speeds

Requires skilled administrators

Expensive

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DATABASE ARCHITECTURE:

Database Architecture essentially describe the location of all the pieces of information that make up the database application. The database architecture can be broadly classified into two categories:

Two tier Architecture

Three Tier Architecture

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2-TIER ARCHITECTURE
The two-tier architecture is a client server architecture in which the client contains the presentation code and the SQL statement for data access. The database server processes the SQL statements and sends query results back to the client. The client or the first tier is primarily responsible for the presentation of data to the user and the server or the second tier is primarily responsible for supplying data servers to the client.

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3-TIER ARCHITECTURE
A three-tier or a multi tier architecture has client, server and database. Where the client request is sent to the server and the server in turn sends the request to the database. The database sends back the information/data required to the server which in turn sends it to the client.

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DBMS VS FMS

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DBMS VS FMS
DBMS No duplication of data is possible in DBMS. FMS Duplication of data is occur in FMS.

The concept of Data Independence The concept of Data Independence is available in DBMS. is not available in FMS. In DBMS the security level is high In FMS the security is low.

The problem of data redundancy is In FMS the problem of data not in DBMS. redundancy is there. In DBMS large amount of data can be stored. In FMS large amount of data can not be stored.

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DBMS VS FMS
DBMS Database object oriented database approach. Multiple users can share the data from a single database simultaneously. In database approach, a single repository of data is maintained and accessed by many users. FMS Traditional does not provide object oriented database system Multiple users can not share the data from a single file. In traditional file processing system the application is developed for a specific purpose and they will access specific database only.

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DATA MODELS

Hierarchical Model
Network Model Relational Model
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HIERARCHICAL MODEL:
Hierarchical databases organize data under the premise of a basic parent/child relationship. Each parent can have many children But each child can only have one parent Are fast and simple Inflexible as the relationship is restricted to one-to-many.

DIMAT

PGDM ELECTRONIC S
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BE

MBA COMPUTER SCIENCE

MECHANICAL

NETWORK DATA MODEL:

Data model that creates relationships among data in which subordinate records can be linked to more than one data element. Another way: Network data model organize data as a network and the network model allows each record to have multiple parent and child records.

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RELATIONAL DATA MODEL

Data model based on the simple concept of tables in order to capitalize on characteristics of rows and columns of data. Relations: The tables of rows and columns used in a relational database. Tuple: A row of data in the relational database model. Attribute: A column of data in the relational database.
Another way: A relational database allows the definition of data structures, storage and retrieval operations and integrity constraints. In such a database the data and relations between them are organized in tables.

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RELATIONAL DATA MODEL

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SYSTEM THINKING

System is an interrelated set of components, with identifiable boundary, working together for some purpose.

Systems analysis: Process of studying an existing system to determine how it works and how it meets user needs.

Systems design: Process of developing a plan for an improved system, based upon the results of the systems analysis.

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SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
an irreducible part or aggregation of parts that make up a system, also called a subsystem

A component

Interrelated components

Dependence of one subsystem on one or more subsystems

Boundary

The line that marks the inside and outside of a system and that sets off the system form its environment

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SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
The overall goal or function of a system

Purpose

Environment

Everything external to a system that interacts with the system Point of contact where a system meets its environment or where subsystems meet each other.

Interface

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SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

Constraint

A limit to what a system can accomplish

Input

Whatever a system takes from its environment in order to fulfill its purpose

Output

Whatever a system returns from its environment in order to fulfill its purpose

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A fast food restaurant as a system: Example

Environments: customers, food distribution, banks, etc.

Storage Inputs: Food ,labor, cash, etc.

Office Outputs: Prepared food

Kitchens

Dining Room Trash Etc.

Contour Boundary

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OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

OPEN SYSTEM:

A system that interacts freely with its environment, taking input and returning output

CLOSED SYSTEM

A system that is cut off from its environment and does not interact with it

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OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS

Description of a system that focuses on the system function LOGICAL SYSTEM and purpose without regard to how the system will physically implemented

PHYSICAL SYSTEM

Description of a system that focuses on the how the system will be materially constructed

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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

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Feel free to clear your doubts.

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