JET ENGINES

CONTENTS

1. 2. 3.

4.
5.

History of Jet Engines Introduction Parts Of Jet Engine How A Jet Engine works Types Of Jet Engine

5.1 Ramjet 5.2 Turbojet 5.3 Turbofan 5.4 Turboprop 5.5 Turboshaft

CONTINUED . . .

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Comparison Of Turbojets Jet Engine Vs Rockets Suggestion For Improvement Merits And Demerits Future Vision

1.HISTORY OF JET ENGINES

The first jet engine was built by Egyptian scientists during 100 B.C

These device was know as Aeolipile.

Dr. Hans von Ohain and Sir Frank Whittle were the main developers.

2.INTRODUCTION

Jet engine is nothing but a Gas turbine. It works under the principle of Newtons third law It states that For every acting force there is an equal and opposite force. Gas turbine operates like toy balloon

3.PARTS OF JET ENGINE

FAN COMPRESSOR COMBUSTOR TURBINE MIXER NOZZLE

4.HOW A JET ENGINE WORKS ?

Jet engines move the airplane forward with a great force that is produced by a tremendous thrust and causes the plane to fly very fast.

CONTINUED . . .

Air Intake

Fuel Burner

sucked in by the compressor

Fuel is mixed with the air, and electric sparks light the air, causing it to combust.

Compressor

Combustion Chamber

series of vanes and stators. The vanes rotate, while the stator remains stationary. compressor speed and temperature increases gradually

The air is burnt. Increase in the temperature of the air, thus increases the pressure inside the engine.

5. TYPES OF JET ENGINES

Ramjet Turbojet Turbofan Turboprop Turbo shaft

5.1 RAMJET

It has no moving parts. Its compression ratio depends forward speed. It has no static thrust guided-missile systems, vehicles use this type of jet Space

on

5.2 TURBOJET

The turbojet engine is a reaction engine. Substantial increases in thrust can be obtained by employing an afterburner

5.3 TURBOFAN

The objective of this sort of bypass system is to increase thrust without increasing fuel consumption. It achieves this by increasing the total air-mass flow and reducing the velocity within the same total energy supply.

5.4 TURBOPROP

A turboprop engine is a jet engine attached to a propeller. . Modern turboprop engines are equipped with propellers that have a smaller diameter but a larger number of blades for efficient operation at much higher flight speeds

5.5 TURBOSHAFT

It does not drive a propeller. it provides power for a helicopter rotor. It permits the rotor speed to be kept constant even when the speed of the generator is varied

6. COMPARISON WITH TURBOJETS

RAMJETS

TURBOJET

NO COMPRESSOR, TURBINE LIGHT IN WEIGHT MACH NO 2 TO 5 START ONLY AT MACH 2 AND ABOVE

Has got compressor, turbine Heavy Mach no. < 2 Starts with zero initial velocity

7. JET ENGINES VS ROCKETS

Jet Engine Oxygen from atmosphere for combustion Work only in atmosphere Rockets Carry their own oxygen for combustion Work in vacuum and atmosphere

Liquid fuel
High Specific Impulse Complex Structure High Efficiency

liquid or solid fuel

Low Specific Impulse Simple Structure Low Efficiency

8. SUGGESTION FOR IMPROVEMENT

Employ active cooling Designing better materials and alloys which retain their strength at high temperatures Smart structures Structure and material which change their shapes and properties in flight. Design engines which switch from scramjets to ramjets.

9. MERITS AND DEMERITS

Merits of Jet engine over IC engine Mechanical efficiency of jet engine is high as compared to IC engine.

Demerits Of Jet Engines Over IC engine Thermal efficiency of Jet engine is low compared to IC engine Difficult to start Turbine blades need a special cooling system due high temperature

Weight and speed of jet engine per HP developed is higher than IC engine. Ignition and lubricating systems are much simpler in jet engine than IC engine.

10. FUTURE VISION

Decreased gross lift off weight > Smaller facilities & easier handling Leading to higher safety Flights can be aborted, whiles the vehicle glides back to earth Missions can be more flexible Wider range of emergency landing sites for intact abort

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