ADC 11 Digital Modulation

ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
By Engr. Hyder Bux Mangrio

Institute of Information & Communication Technologies
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro.

09TL-BATCH

Lecture#:
39-43

Digital Modulation
5/5/2014 hyder.bux@muet.edu.pk 1
Transmitting digital data through the public
telephone network
For the telephone network, modem are used
that are produce signals in the voice
frequency range
Public telephone system
300Hz to 3400Hz
Use modem (modulator-demodulator)
Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
Frequency shift keying (FSK)
Phase shift keying (PK)

Values represented by different amplitudes
of carrier
Usually, one amplitude is zero
i.e. presence and absence of carrier is used
Susceptible to sudden gain changes
Inefficient
Up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
Used over optical fiber

Most common form is binary FSK (BFSK)
Two binary values represented by two
different frequencies (near carrier)
Less susceptible to error than ASK
Up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
High frequency radio
Even higher frequency on LANs using
coax
Phase of carrier signal is shifted to represent
data
Binary PSK
Two phases represent two binary digits
Differential PSK
Phase shifted relative to previous transmission
rather than some reference signal
Draw the output waveforms of the following
binary bit stream 1101001 into;
1. ASK
2. PSK
3. FSK(2 cycles per unit for logic 1 and one
cycle per unit for logic 0)
Draw the output wave form of following data
010101001 into
1. ASK
2. BPSK
3. DPSK
Balanced Modulator acts as a phase reversing
switch.
BM has two inputs: a carrier that is in phase
with reference oscillator and the binary
digital data.

Level
converter
BPF
BM
Carrier
oscillator
Modulated
PSK
output
Binary
Data
Binary Data Output
phase
Logic 0
Logic 1
180
0

0
0

sin w
c
t
(0
0
)
Logic 1
-sin w
c
t
(180
0
)
Logic 0
cos w
c
t
(+90
0
)
-cos w
c
t
(-90
0
)
0
0
Reference
Logic 1
180
0

Logic 0
cos w
c
t
-cos w
c
t
(a)Truth Table
(b)Phasor
diagram
(c)
Constellation
The coherent carrier recovery circuit detects
and regenerates a carrier signal in both
frequency and phase coherent with the
original transmitted carrier.
The Balanced modulator is product detector;
the output is product of two inputs (the BPSK
signal and recovered carrier).
LPF separates the recovered binary data
from complex demodulated signal.
BPF
Clock
recovery
Coherent
carrier
recovery
BM LPF
Level
converter
sinw
c
t
For BPSK, the output rate of change(baud) is
equal to the input rate of change (bps), and
the widest output bandwidth occurs when
the input binary data are alternating 1/0
sequence.
The fundamental frequency (f
a
) of an
alternative 1/0 bit sequence is equal to one
half of the bit rate (f
b
/2)
BPSK output=[sin(2 f
a
)t]x[sin(2 f
c
)t]
Where
fa = maximum fundamental frequency of
binary input.
f
c
= reference carrier frequency
The minimum double-sided Nyquist
bandwidth is

b
b
a
a C a C
a C a C
f
f
B
f B
f f f f B
t f f t f f

2
2
2
] ) ( 2 cos[
2
1
] ) ( 2 cos[
2
1
Quaternary phase shift keying
QPSK is an M-ary encoding scheme.
Four output phases (+45
0
, +135
0
, -45
0
, -135
0
)
are possible for a single carrier frequency.
The binary input data are combined into
groups of two bits called dibits.
QPSK transmitter
Two bits (a dibit) are clocked into the bit
splitter
QPSK modulator is two BPSK modulator
combined in parallel.
BPF
Bit
split
ter
Q
I
+2
Balanced
Modulator
Ref.
Carrier
oscillator
BPF
Linear
Summer
90
0
phase
shift
BM
BPF
Binary
input data
f
b
Bit
clock
I channel f
b
/2

Q channel f
b
/2
Logic 1= +1 V
Logic 0= -1 V

Logic 1= +1 V
Logic 0= -1 V
cos
c
t
cos
c
t
sin
c
t
sin
c
t
Binary input QPSK
output
Phase
I Q
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
-135
-45
+135
+45
-cos w
c
t
cos w
c
t
sin w
c
t -sin w
c
t
sin w
c
t -sin w
c
t
cos w
c
t
-cos w
c
t
Q I
cos w
c
t+sin w
c
t
1 1
(sin w
c
t+45
0
)

Q I
cos w
c
t-sin w
c
t
1 0
(sin w
c
t+135
0
)
Q I
-cos w
c
t-sin w
c
t
0 0
(sin w
c
t-135
0
)
Q I
-cos w
c
t+sin w
c
t
0 1
(sin w
c
t-45
0
)
+90
0
QPSK
Signal
BPF
I Q
LPF
Product
detector
Product
detector
LPF
Clock
recovery
Power
splitter
Carrier
I channel
Q channel
QPSK Receiver
Recovery
binary
value
The highest fundamental frequency at the
input and the fastest rate of change at the
output of the balance modulator is equal to
the one fourth of the binary input rate.

BW= fb/2
Offset QPSK
8-PSK
16-PSK
To achieve high data rate with narrowband
channel is to increase the number of bits per
symbol
Use combination of amplitude and phase
modulation known as Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM)
QAM has finite number of allowable
amplitude phase combinations
Constellation diagram shows the possibilities
for hypothetical system with sixteen
amplitude-phase combinations.
Each transmitted symbol represents four bits
Each dot represents a possible
amplitude/phase combination or state
QAM is more efficient in term of bandwidth
than either FSK or QPSK but it is also more
susceptible to noise
Another disadvantage compared to FSK is
that QAM signals like analog signals, vary in
amplitude. This means that transmitter
amplifiers must be linear.
Product
Modulator
2 to 4 level
converter
2 to 4 level
converter
Product
Modulator
Reference
Oscillator
+90
0

Q I C
Linear
summer
BPF
I channel
Q channel
PAM
PAM
8-QAM
output
I/Q C Output
0 0 -0.541V
0 1 -1.307
1 0 +0.541
1 1 +1.307

000
001
101
100
010
011
110
111
110
010
011
111 101
001
000
100
Fig: Phasor diagram
Fig: Constellation diagram
32
All advanced modems use a combination of
modulation techniques to transmit multiple bits
per baud.
Multiple amplitude and multiple phase shifts are
combined to transmit several bits per symbol.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) uses
multiple phase shifts per symbol.
Modems actually use Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM).
These concepts are explained using
constellation points where a point determines a
specific amplitude and phase.
33
(a) QPSK. (b) QAM-16. (c) QAM-64.
The North American TDMA digital cell phone
standard transmit at 24.3 kilo baud using
DQPSK. What is channel data rate.
5/5/2014 hyder.bux@faculty.muet.edu.pk 34
A modem uses sixteen different phase angles
and four different amplitudes. How many
bits does it transmit for each symbol.
How much bandwidth would be required to
transmit a DS-1 signal (1.544Mbps) using a
four level code
(a) Assuming a noiseless channel?
(b) With a signal to noise ratio 15dB?
Consider a QPSK system that will transmit
three bits of information per symbol
(a) How many phase angle are needed?
(b) Draw a vector diagram for such a system
A microwave radio system uses a 256-QAM,
there are 256 possible amplitudes and phase
combinations.
(a) How many bits per symbol does it uses?
(b) If it has channel with 90MHz bandwidth,
what is its maximum data rate, ignoring
noise?

ADC 11 Digital Modulation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ADC 11 Digital Modulation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

By Engr. Hyder Bux Mangrio

You might also like