Comp4 Unit6a Lecture Slides

Introduction to Information and
Computer Science
Databases and SQL
Lecture a
This material (Comp4_Unit6a) was developed by Oregon Health and Science University, funded by the Department of Health
and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number
IU24OC000015.
Databases and SQL
Learning Objectives
Define and describe the purpose of databases (Lecture a)
Define a relational database (Lecture a)
Describe data modeling and normalization (Lecture b)
Describe the structured query language (SQL) (Lecture c)
Define the basic data operations for relational databases and how to
implement them in SQL (Lecture c)
Design a simple relational database and create corresponding SQL
commands (Lecture c)
Examine the structure of a healthcare database component (Lecture
d)
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Health IT Workforce Curriculum
Version 3.0/Spring 2012
Introduction to Information and Computer Science
Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Data Representation
Its all 1s and 0s
01000001 can mean
65 as a binary number
A as alphanumeric character (ASCII)
Many other options, including CPU
instructions and multimedia data
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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Data Storage
Large component of computer systems is
management of data
Storing and retrieving data are important
functions
Efficiency
Speed
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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Data Storage Options
Text/data files
Spreadsheets
Databases
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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Files
A collection of information stored electronically in
a single location
Can store text or data
Files have different formats

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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Advantages/Disadvantages of Files
Advantages
Easy to create and
store
Easy to share
Used by many
applications
Input or output data
from scientific
computations

Disadvantages
Limited security
Multiple user access
isn't supported
Redundant and
inconsistent data

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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Contact Information Example
File with contact information:

Bill Robeson, 1312 Main, Portland, OR, Community
Hospital, Inc.
Walter Schmidt, 14 12th St., Oakland, CA, Oakland
Providers LLC
Mary Stahl, 14 12th St., Oakland, CA, Oakland
Providers LLC
Albert Brookings, 1312 Main, Portland, OR,
Community Hospital Incorporated
Catherine David, 14 12th Street, Oakland, CA,
Oakland Providers LLC
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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Quick!
Do Bill and Albert work for the same company?
Is there an issue with Catherine and Walter?
Can a computer application tell?
Give me a contact list sorted by last name
Imagine with 10,000 contacts!
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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Quick! Answers
Bill and Albert work for the same company but
its represented differently
Catherine and Walter have the same addressed
again represented differently
Its hard for a computer application to tell
You CAN sort by hand but its a challenge
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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Another Problem
What do you do if Community Hospital
becomes Community General ?
Find every instance of Community Hospital
or variation thereof
Change EVERY entry
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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Another Solution: Spreadsheets
Spreadsheet applications store, manipulate and
present data
Provide more functionality than plain text files
Calculations
Sorting
Filtering
Data analysis

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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Spreadsheet Example
OpenOffice Calc spreadsheet example. (PD-US, 2011).
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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Advantages/Disadvantages of
Spreadsheets
Advantages
Widely available
Powerful calculations
Basic sorting and
filtering
Disadvantages
Limited security
isn't supported
Redundant and
inconsistent data
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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Databases
Definition:
Structured data collection accessed
electronically
Files are simple databases
Relational databases maintain relationships
between data

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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Relational Database
Introduced by Dr. Edgar Codd of IBM Research
Laboratory in 1970
Future users of large data banks must be protected
from having to know how the data is organized in the
machine (the internal representation).
Definition:
An organized collection of data accessible by
electronic means where the information type and
information relationships are maintained

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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Relational Database Contents
A relational database contains tables
Tables contain multiple rows of data
Rows contain data of specified type(s) in a
column order
Data and type are independent
Row order does not matter, but column order
does.
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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Advantages/Disadvantages of
Relational Databases
Advantages
Secure
Relationships prevent
redundancy and
inconsistency
Optimized operations
Complex queries

Disadvantages
Expertise required
Limited data
calculations

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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Databases and SQL
Summary Lecture a
Data can be stored in files, spreadsheets or databases
Files and spreadsheets
Widely available
Good for computations
Databases
Secure
Optimized for speed
Store relationships
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Databases and SQL
Lecture a
Databases and SQL
References Lecture a
References
American National Standards Institute. (2007). Information Systems - Coded Character Sets - 7-Bit American
National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII) (No. ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2007)).
Codd, E. F. (1970). A relational model of data for large shared data banks. Communications of the ACM, 13(6),
377-387.

Images
Slide 13: OpenOffice Calc spreadsheet example. (PD-US, 2011).

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Databases and SQL
Lecture a

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Introduction to Information and

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