IA0407

May 7, 2014
Introduction
Egyptian Architecture
What Architecture Is?
Architecture
Is described as the most functional of all the art forms.
It is defined as an art form that merges not only the requisites
of aesthetics, beauty and taste.
It unites with it concerns of science, technology, techniques,
tectonics, architectonics and engineering.
As a decorative tool
It reflects the individuality of people through their creativity
in how space and shelter is used.
How Architecture Is Done?
A structures design is determined by its function
or purpose, who and how many will use it.

Architecture in the modern era is best reflected by
numerous changes in society.

Elements of Art
Size
is the relation of form to the size of the human body.

Scale
is used in design and architecture to describe a rather
subtle consideration related to size.
It also refers to the proportion of an object or space to
all other objects, to human beings, and to the space to
which it belongs.

Principles of Organization
Emphasis
Ensures that important elements look significant while
minor or rival elements look subordinate.
This is achieve through the balance of size, placement,
value, color, and selection of materials.

Pattern and ornament
Where the smooth surfaces are defined only by their limits,
edges, or corner.
Structural Systems Employed to
Fabricate Architecture
Post and Lintel System

It also referred to as trabeated or column and beam
The system employs a very fundamental analogy of
supports and free falling weights, where beams or trabs,
(horizontal members carrying a load or weight) are
suspended or supported by vertical supports (columns)
thereby allowing a system of serviceable spaces to be
created beneath for human occupancy or habitation.
This system of construction, which is universal, is inspired
by nature.
Structural Systems Employed to
Fabricate Architecture
Arcuated Form
Employs the use of arches instead of columns and beams.

Arches
May be ascribed to nature with cave opening as its natural
prototype.
Have the added pushing force employed on the outer
curvature of the arch.
Results in the opening up of space from the multitude of
columns as well as the wider opening which the shortness of
beams cannot allow.
Structural Systems Employed to
Fabricate Architecture
Truss System
Is a structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the
triangle and is composed of linear members subject only to
axial tension or compression.

Trusses
use smaller pieces a wood set in a lattice or brace from allowing
the spanning of wider space possible.
Is made of smaller cuts of wood attached and formed into
system of supports allowing loads and spans to be covered or
bridged.

The Aesthetic Qualities of Selected Architecture

The Use of the Classic Orders and Arches in the Coliseums
Coliseums

is designed with an oval plan with tiers of seat that accommodated
approximately 50,000 spectators in various levels. The seats were
supported by vaults and arches. Each arch was supported by a
column.

It is defined by the use of Travertine cladding, though much of the
buildings structural mass is made of Tufa infill on a bed of cement.

Arches supported by columns and entablatures define the
architecture of the Colosseum, a style that was prominent and
popular in the Roman Empire.

The merging of the two structure systems (trabeated andarcuated)
characterizes and defines the rather decorative nature of Roman
architecture as compared to the purer and more purposeful
construction principles employed by the Ancient Greeks.

The Revival of the Classical Orders, Magnitude and Layout in the Palais de Versailles
Palais de Versailles
Fine example of Baroque architecture in France
Built from 1661 to 1756 for Louis XIV by Louis le Vau who designed a
palace around the old hunting chateau erected originally by
Salomon de Brosse fo Louis XIII, it was later expanded by Jules
Hardouin Mansart by extending the building north and south
forming a building 402 meters long.
The park faade has a rusticated ground storey supporting an order
of pilasters, high attic and balustrade, producing a monotonous
effect with unbroken skyline.
The great garden designs of Andre le Notre were among Frances
finest contribution to European culture.
The latter, laid out with a low-level topiary and colored earths,
produce the patierre de broiderie (pattern and embroidery), a
geometrical pattern resembling Genose velvets when seen from the
upper windows of the chateaux.
Nature and the Use of Concrete and Rough Stone in Frank Lloyd Wrights Kaufmann
House (Falling Water)
Kaufmann House

Better known as Falling Waters in Bear Run, Pennsylvania.
Built between 1937 and 1939 it is a piece of work that has
become the most famous of all Lloyd Wrights domestic
designs.
There is an expansive use of concrete in horizontal spans
set in dramatic cantilevered balconies clad in local river
stone to reflect the bed below the waterfall.
The use of smooth concrete and rough stone enhances the
natural effect, making the house appear to have been
carved from the living rock of the landscape rather than
built on it.
The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the
Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza
Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.
Believes that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to
20-year period concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at
146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the tallest
man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years.
It was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth
outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core
structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the
structure can still be seen around the base
SIZE
it is the largest of the three, the length of each side at
the base averaging 755.75 feet (230 metres) and its
original height being 481.4 feet (147 metres).
There have been varying scientific and alternative theories
about the Great Pyramid's construction techniques. Most
accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that
it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and
dragging and lifting them into place.
There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid.
The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the
pyramid was built and was unfinished. The so-called[3]
Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber are higher up within
the pyramid structure. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only
pyramid in Egypt known to contain both ascending and
descending passages. The main part of the Giza complex is a
setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in
honour of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the
Nile), three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives, an even
smaller "satellite" pyramid, a raised causeway connecting the
two temples, and small mastaba tombs surrounding the
pyramid for nobles.
The Pyramid of Khafre, also known as the Pyramid of Chephren,[1] is
the second-tallest and second-largest of the Ancient Egyptian
Pyramids of Giza and the tomb of the Fourth-Dynasty pharaoh
Khafre (Chefren), who ruled from c. 2558 to 2532 BC
The pyramid has a base length of 215.5 m (706 ft) and
rises to a height of 136.4 metres (448 ft) (originally 143.5
m or 471 ft).[1] The pyramid is made of limestone blocks
weighing more than 2 tons each. The slope of the
pyramid rises at a 53 10' angle, steeper than its
neighbor, the Pyramid of Khufu, which has an angle of
5150'40". The pyramid sits on bedrock 10 m (33 ft)
higher than Khufus pyramid, which makes it appear to
be taller.
The Pyramid of Menkaure, located on the Giza
Plateau in the southwestern outskirts of Cairo,
Egypt, is the smallest of the three Pyramids of Giza.
It is thought to have been built to serve as the tomb
of the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Menkaure.
Menkaure's pyramid had an original height of 65.5 metres (215
feet) and was the smallest of the three major pyramids at the
Giza Necropolis. It now stands at 61 m (204 ft) tall with a base of
108.5 m. Its angle of incline is approximately 512025. It was
constructed of limestone and granite. The first sixteen courses of
the exterior were made of granite. The upper portion was cased
in the normal manner with Tura limestone. Part of the granite
was left in the rough. Incomplete projects such as this pyramid
help archaeologists understand the methods used to build
pyramids and temples. South of the pyramid of Menkaure are 3
satellite pyramids, none of which appear to have been
completed. The largest is made partly of granite, like the main
pyramid. Neither of the other 2 progressed beyond the
construction of the inner core.
The Temple of Edfu is an ancient Egyptian temple located on
the west bank of the Nile in the city of Edfu which was
known in Greco-Roman times as Apollonopolis Magna, after
the chief god Horus-Apollo.[1] It is one of the best preserved
temples in Egypt. The temple, dedicated to the falcon god
Horus, was built in the Ptolemaic period between 237 and 57
BCE. The inscriptions on its walls provide important
information on language, myth and religion during the
Greco-Roman period in ancient Egypt. In particular, the
Temple's inscribed building texts "provide details [both] of
its construction, and also preserve information about the
mythical interpretation of this and all other temples as the
Island of Creation.
Architectural description
Construction material Sandstone
Height 36 metres
Width 36 metres
Length 79 metres
The Temple of Amun is an archaeological site at Jebel
Barkal in Northern State, Sudan. It is situated about 400
kilometres (250 mi) north of Khartoum near Karima. The
temple stands near a large bend of the Nile River, in the
region that was called Nubia in ancient times. The Temple
of Amun, one of the larger temples at Jebel Barkal, is
considered sacred to the local population. Not only was the
Amun temple a main centre of what at one time was
considered to be an almost universal religion, but, along
with the other archaeological sites at Jebel Barkal, it was
representative of the revival of Egyptian religious values.[1]
Up to the middle of the 19th century, the temple was
subjected to vandalism, destruction, and indiscriminate
plundering, before it came under state protection
Temple of Amon
(hypostyle hall)
The original temple was relatively small, with one pylon, and a courtyard with ten
columns. During the reign of Ramses II, the structure included the Second and
Third Pylons, a hypostyle court, a hall with annexes, a chapel, and a pronaos and
naos complex.[6] Additions included a second temple behind a pylon, another
courtyard, probably without pillars, and several chapels.

A notable temple renovation and enlargement, attributed to Piye, occurred in three
stages. First, the old temple was strengthened by a wall and another small portico.
For the second step, a large hall with 50 columns, was built. Only the pillars,
foundation walls and entrances were made of sandstone, the remaining walls were
of unbaked bricks. Lastly, Piye built a large farm, which was also decorated with
columns. The court and the portico each had its own pylon. The whole temple
complex became over 150 metres (490 ft) long. North of the First Pylon, a cache of
statues was excavated, which included the headless statue of Tantamani (known
also by his Amon name, "Tenutamon"), Taharqa's successor.[citation needed]

Many rulers built additional stele, decorated walls or put up statues in the temple.
As the religious center was important to both Egyptians and Nubians, Thutmose III
stele contains the inscription, "Home of Amun and the Throne of the Two
Lands";[10] found at the Amun temple, it is now at the Museum of Fine Arts,
Boston. There are stelea attributed to Horemheb and Seti I. Taharqa built ten
colossal figures. Tantamani erected a small shrine in the portico. In the first
courtyard, there are pillars attributed to Piye and Harsiotef.


Temple of Horus
Types of Egyptian columns
Flower- the flower
makes a wide, bell-
shaped capital.
Types of Egyptian columns
Bud columns- the
uppermost part of the capital is
smaller than the lower, like the
bud of a flower
MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE
ZIGGURAT
Tower built at successive
levels, with ramps
leading from one
platform to the next.
1100-100 B.C.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE (1100-100B.C.)
Greek architecture in its most characteristic form is
found in the temple, a low building of post-and-lintel
construction like that of the Egyptian temple.

Post-and-lintel construction
Two upright pieces (posts), are surmounted by a
horizontal piece (lintel) long enough to reach from one
to another.
This is the simplest and earliest type of construction,
and it is more commonly used than any other.
Post-and-lintel construction
This kind of construction is well adapted to wood
because:
Wooden beams are strong and are able to
uphold the weight of the roof;
They are long, so that large buildings may be
erected.
However, wooden beams are not permanent;
they may burn, rot, or be eaten by insects.
Post-and-lintel construction
Stone lintels, in comparison, are enduring; but they
cannot be obtained as great lengths and they stand
much less weight than wood;
Therefore, in stone buildings the distance between
posts must be small.
Temple of Apollo at Old Corinth
GREEK ARCHITECTURE (1100-100B.C.)
The typical Greek temple had columns in front and
often at the back also.
Sometimes the entire building was surrounded by a
row of columns, with a double row of columns in the
front and back of the building and a single row at each
side.
In pure Greek style, all columns are fluted.
The Parthenon, Athens
GREEK ARCHITECTURE (1100-
100B.C.)
There are three (3) styles, or orders, of Greek
architecture:
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
DORIC COLUMN
It has no base;
The bottom of the of the column is rests on the top
step.
The capital is very plain; it is a flat block, or slab,
joined to the column by a simple convex curve and
looking something like a cushion.
The frienze is divided into
triglyphs (a square slab having 2 vertical grooves or
glymphs in the middle and half groove at each end0:
And metopes (often carved)
IONIC COLUMN
This column is taller and more slender than the Doric
type.
It has a base, and the capital is ornamented by scrolls
(volutes) on each side.
The frienze is continuous instead of being divided into
triglyphs and metopes.
The architrave below the frienze is stepped; that is, it is
divided horizontally into 3 parts, each being set in
slightly.
Erechtheum
Temple of Athena Nike, Athens
CORINTHIAN COLUMN
It is distinguished from Ionic by still greater
height and by its capital, which shows 2 rows of
acanthus leaves with volutes rising from them.
It was last to be developed and was not so
much used as the Doric and Ionic.
Temple of Zeus, Athens
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
(1000 B.C.-A.D. 400)
The most important innovation of the Romans was the arch.
Made of wedge-shaped stones that are arranged with the small
side of the wedge turned down toward the opening.
As the old Arabic proverb has it, An arch never sleeps.
Another characteristic of Roman architecture is the flat, round
dome that covers an entire building
Roman columns are taller and thinner


Corinthian column was used extensively, as was the composite
column, an invention of the Romans made by combining the
Ionic volutes with the Corinthian acanthus-circled bell
The columns between the arches and the entablature above
them are not essential to the structure of the building.

Byzantine takes its name from Byzantium later called
Constantinople and now called Istanbul.
The grouping of small domes or semi-domes round
the large central dome was effective.
It is characterized by a great central dome supported
by curved triangles (pendentives) and fitted to a
square.


S. Sophia
( Church Of The Divine Wisdom)
WESTERN
ARCHITECTURE
IN THE MIDDLE AGES
(C.E. 400 - 1500)

Western Architecture passed through three stages of
development during the middle ages. These are the:
Early Christian
Romanesque
Gothic
The Romanesque was an outgrowth of the Early Christian,
and the Gothic , of the Romanesque.
The western styles follow the general type of the Roman
Basilica, a long rectangular building divided by pillars into
a central nave and aisle.
Sometimes there is one aisle on each side of the nave;
sometimes there are two.




Often, the nave is higher than the aisles, and, therefore,
there is opportunity for clerestory lightning.

In the early churches, the building was one simple
rectangle with an apse.

Later, the plan was adapted to the shape of a cross by the
addition of cross aisle between the nave and the choir.

The arms thus made are known as transepts. Directly
opposite the high altar at the west, was the main entrance.

Basilica. perspective cross section
of an early Christian basilica

The clerestory is heavy and the windows are small
the columns seperating the nave from the aisles follow
the roman orders with flat lintels or round arches
between them
The interiors of early Christian churches were often
decorated with mosaics, as in S. Apollinare.

Basilica of Saint Apollinaris in Classe

The structure is characterized with very heavy walls
with small window opening stone arch or inverted roof
window.
They have a wide nave and narrow and lower side aids
with tranusepts.


Romanesque Architecture is an extension and
development of the Early Christian Basilica
exemplified by S. Apollinare in Classe.
Light, with a simple lightweight, flat wooden roof, the
Romanesque Where the Early Christian style is
structurally has very heavy walls with small window
openings and a heavy stone arched or vaulted roof
inside.



Norte dame la grande, poitiers
(eleventh century)


The delicate arcades and colorful marble stand in
remarkable contrast to the powerful external and
internal arches of romanesque stone building.
The cathedral at pisa still has the earlier flat wooden
roof rather than the heavy stone canopy or vault that is
typical of romanesque architecture.
Busketus and rainaldus, architects

The romanesque style is seen in all its force in the
interior of the abbaye-aux-Dames at Caen, where
manificient stone vaulting covers the nave.
Abbaye-aux-dames
or La Trinite

A groin vault is made up of two short barrel vaults at
right angles to each other , the short side facing the
side aisle and raising the vault to let in light, the wider
side facing the axes of the nave it self
Later, it was discovered that diagonal arches or ribs
could be built that would support the entire weight of
the roof.
Groin Vault
Direction of thrust in the round
arch and the pointed arch
Gothic Architecture
- is a style of architecture that flourished during the high
and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque
architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance
architecture.
Originating in 12th century France and lasting
into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known
during the period as "the French Style" (Opus
Francigenum), with the term Gothic first appearing
during the latter part of the Renaissance. Its
characteristic features include the pointed arch, the
ribbed vault and the flying buttress.
Westminster Abbey: The arcades, pointed arches of
supporting the triforum and clerestory windows dividing
the nave from the north aisle.
The multiple flying buttresses supporting the
lofty nave of Westminster Abbey
The architecture of Uppsala Cathedral (1435) is classified in
art history as Baltic International Gothic style (started around late
1300's). You can see some of the features of gothic architecture -
the ribbed vaults of the ceiling and the pointed arches.
Gothic architecture is most familiar as the
architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys
and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of
many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls,
universities and to a less prominent extent, private
dwellings.
It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a
number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed
most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to
appeal to the emotions. A great number of ecclesiastical
buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest
are often structures of architectural distinction while many of
the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and
are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. For this
reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of
cathedrals and churches.


Structure: The Pointed Arch
One of the defining characteristics of Gothic architecture is
the pointed or ogival arch.

Functions:
The Gothic vault, unlike the semi-circular vault of Roman
and Romanesque buildings, can be used to roof rectangular
and irregularly shaped plans such as trapezoids.
The other structural advantage is that the pointed arch
channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a
steep angle. This enabled architects to raise vaults much
higher than was possible in Romanesque architecture.
While, structurally, use of the pointed arch gave a greater
flexibility to architectural form, it also gave Gothic
architecture a very different and more vertical visual
character than Romanesque.
Height
A characteristic of Gothic
church architecture is its
height, both absolute and in
proportion to its width, the
verticality suggesting an
aspiration to Heaven. A
section of the main body of a
Gothic church usually shows
the nave as considerably taller
than it is wide.
Salisbury Cathedral has the tallest
spire in England.
Vertical emphasis
The pointed arch lends itself to a
suggestion of height. This
appearance is characteristically
further enhanced by both the
architectural features and the
decoration of the building.
The Gothic east end of Cologne
Cathedral represents the extreme of verticality.
(nave, dating to the 19th century).
Light
One of the most distinctive characteristics of
Gothic architecture is the expansive area of the windows
as at Sainte Chapelle and the very large size of many
individual windows, as at York Minster, Gloucester
Cathedral and Milan Cathedral. The increase in size
between windows of the Romanesque and Gothic
periods is related to the use of the ribbed vault, and in
particular, the pointed ribbed vault which channeled the
weight to a supporting shaft with less outward thrust
than a semicircular vault. Walls did not need to be so
weighty.

Majesty
The faade of a large church or
cathedral, often referred to as
the West Front, is generally
designed to create a powerful
impression on the approaching
worshipper, demonstrating both
the might of God and the might
of the institution that it
represents. One of the best
known and most typical of such
faades is that of Notre Dame de
Paris.
Notre Dame de Paris.
Basic shapes of Gothic arch and
stylistic character
Lancet Arch
Equilateral Arch
Flamboyant Arch
Depressed Arch
The faade of Ripon
Cathedralpresents a
composition in
untraceried pointed
arches.
Windows in the Chapter
House at York Minster show
the equilateral arch with
typical circular motifs in the
tracery.
Flamboyant tracery
at Limoges Cathedral.
The depressed arch
supported by
fan vaulting at King's
College Chapel, England.