Chapter 1: The Early History of

Malaysia
Contribution of the Malay empire to
the Malacca Sultanate.
Causes for the development and
downfall of the Malacca Sultanate
British intervention in the states of
Malaya
Japanese Invasion in Malaya
DEVELOPMENT OF MALACCA
SULTANATE
Strategic Geographical location

Famous centre of trade

A Islamic studies centre

Expanded the territories

A good diplomatic relationship with
China
ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE:
MALACCA SULTANATE


SULTAN (KING)
BENDAHARA
LAKSAMANA
TEMENGGUNG
PENGHULU
BENDAHARI
SYAHBANDAR
* Each official is responsible for certain portfolio
DOWNFALL OF
MALACCA SULTANATE
Weakness in Administration
Disintegration among local
community
Flaws in the Defence System
Trading deterioration

COLONIAL ERA: PORTUGUESE IN MALACCA
Factors for arrival of Portuguese to East:
Gold; Gospel;Glory

Reasons the Portuguese were interested
in Malacca:
Strategic location
Trading center: Spices, silk and etc.
To spread Christianity
Competition among other imperialists

COLONIZATION ERA: DUTCH IN MALACCA
Reason the Dutch were interested in
Malacca:
Trading aspect: to compete with other
colonialists
The closing of the Port of Lisbon
Spanish oppression in Holland
Publication of Itinerario by Linschoten-
contain details of navigation.
COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA
BRITISH IN PENANG - 1786

Achieved through deception by
Francis Light
Why:
1) To monopolize spice trading in the
East
2) Trading Port
3) Navy Base

COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA
BRITISH IN SINGAPORE - 1819
Achieved by Stamford Raffles through
his intervention to resolve the conflict
in Johor.

Anglo-Dutch Treaty - 1824
- A treaty between British and Dutch to
create their settlement in the East.
COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA
Anglo-Dutch Treaty - 1824
Terms and Condition:
- Territories to the north and east of the Malacca Strait were
given to British
- Territories to the west and south came under Dutch
influence
- Malacca was surrender to British
- Bengkulu and Sumatera release to Dutch.

Implication of the treaty
- The division of power: Dutch and British
- The end of the Johor empire as Johor-Riau
- The three main trading ports (Penang, Singapore and
Malacca) under British influence.
- Straits Setlements in 1826

COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA
CHANGE FROM NON INTERVENTION TO AN
INTERVENTION POLICY - 1874

Reasons:
- Sucession dsipute between Malay states
- Conflicts among Chinese Private Association (Kongsi
Gelap) to grab tin mine in Malaya.
- Complaint from British merchants and investors
- Liberalization policy by Britain Government.
- The opening of Suez Canal- shorten the route between west
and east
- The Industrial Revolution in Europe in 19th century.

This lead to Pangkor Treaty in 1874 - Introduction of British
Residential System

COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA
BRITISH RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM 1874- 1895

Residential System was introduced in Perak (1874);
Selangor (1874); Sungai Ujong (1874); Pahang (1888);
Negeri Sembilan (1895) and Johor (1914).
Local Malays against the system.

Implications of British Residential Systems in Malaya
- Politics: The power and authority of sultan was abolished
- Economy: Investment in Malaya increased; Tin mine getting
developed; Urbanization in few places which lead to
improper division of wealth between states and district in
Malaya.
- Social: Improve in Health system; Electric and water supply;
Education and Transportation.

COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA
FEDERATED, UNFEDERATED MALAY STATES

Federated Malay States

- Particpated by Perak, Selangor, Pahang and
Negeri Sembilan
- Reason: - To set up uniform administration
- To create a balance economic growth
- To allow interstate projects to be
carried out
- To curb growing power of british
residents
COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA
FEDERATED, UNFEDERATED MALAY STATES

Unfederated Malay States
- Particpated by Perlis, Kedah, Terengganu,
Kelantan, Johore
- Formed in 1909 via Bangkok Treaty
- A british advisor is appointed to assist the
sultan in the administration
- All the states have great potential in economy
and trading activities.
- Sultan remained independent and powerful
compare to the Federated Malay States.
COLONIZATION ERA: BRITISH IN MALAYA
DECENTRALIZATON

- Decentralization is the transfer of power
from Resident Generals and British
Advisors to the British High Comissioner.

- High Comissioner was also the governor
of Straits Settlements

- The purpose is to improve administration
of all the states.
COLONIZATION ERA: JAPANESE IN MALAYA
JAPANESE INVASION IN MALAYA

Reason:
- Japanese population increased
- Landscape structure
- Industrialization plan by Meiji
- Militarism spirit
- Earliest success of Japanese
- The World War II
- Nationalism spirit
COLONIZATION ERA: JAPANESE IN MALAYA
HOW JAPANESE RULED MALAYA

Military Administration System
State Adiministration - formed New
Malaya
Economy - industrialization - introduced
new currency.
Social - Niponggo - Japanese language

COLONIZATION ERA: JAPANESE IN MALAYA
EFFECTS OF JAPANESE INVASION IN
MALAYA
Politic:
- Recognise and accept the sultan position.
- More local malays were trained in
administration, which lead to awakening of
Nationalism spirit among local malays.

Economy:
- Rubber and tin mine were undeveloped.
- Inflation rate increased due to the wide
distribution of new Japanese currency without
any collateral value.
COLONIZATION ERA: JAPANESE IN MALAYA
EFFECTS OF JAPANESE INVASION IN
MALAYA

Social:
- internal migration due to the lack of food
supply.
- There were poor healthcare.
- Japanese treated chinese community in a cruel
manner which lead to formation of Malayan
People Anti Japanese Army (MPAJA) by them.
- Male labours were forced to work in the Death
Railway Track (Thailand-Burma).
- Introduction of Japanese language- Niponggo
Chapter 2: The Struggle for
Independence
Features of the Malayan Union and
the factors that brought about its
dissolution.
Roles of the various organisations
and individuals who were involved
in the struggle for our nations
independence
The role Malayan Union in
awakening the spirit of nationalism
Malayan Union - 1945
Reason:

To protect the priorities (Economic
investments) of the British in Malaya.

To combine all the province (Straits
Settlements/Federated and Unfederated
Malay States) -increase the administrative
efficiency.

To prepare the local Malays to form their
own government.
Features of the Malayan Union Constitution
All 9 Malay states and strait Settlements
(except Singapore) under British
governor.
The sultan position remain in the field of
religious only and overall power will be
reduced.
Local government will be managed by
Majlis Mesyuarat under the central
administration.
Citizenship - will be equal to all races.
Resistance for Malayan Union
Why??????

Method employed by Sir Harold
MacMichael in obtaining the consent
of the Malay rulers.
The power and sovereignty of Malay
Sultans was affected.
The equal citizenship for all races
would dispose Malays special rights
and privileges.
Struggle for nationalism
Stages in nationalism in Malaya
Opposition action by local Malays in various
states in Malaya.

Malay Nationalism:
- Religion based level (1906-1926)
- Socialism and Economy level (1926- 1938)
- Political level (1938 onwards)

Chinese nationalism in Malaya
Indian nationalism in Malaya
Steps towards Independence of Malaya
Federation of Malaya, 1948

- In July 1946, a working committee
comprising representatives from the
British Government, the Sultans and
UMNO was set up to prepare new
proposals.

- The working committee reached
agreement by July 1947 and its proposal
for a Federation of Malaya were put into
effect on 1 February 1948.

Steps towards Independence of Malaya
Non-Malay Opposition to the Federation

Bahasa Melayu formal language of the
country
The responsibility for Public Relation
British and Malaya equally involved.
The word nationality should use as
name for nationality.
National flag- should have different
colours, which shows Malay nationality.

-
Steps towards Independence of Malaya
The Member System, 1951

Reason: - To help prepare the people of
Malaya for the time when they would be
responsible for the running of their own
country.

There will be six unofficial:Three Malays; one
European, one Chinese and one Ceylonese.

Each of them would be placed in charge of
one of the following government
departments- Education; Agriculture and
Forestry; Health; Works and Housing; Home
Affairs; Lands, Mines and Communications.


Steps towards Independence of Malaya
Towards Independence

- A few by elections for Municipality Council
were arranged especially in Georgetown
(1951) and Kuala Lumpur (1952).

In 1953, UMNO, MCA and MIC joined
together- Alliance Party and suggested to
British government to have Federal election.
Then, on 27th July 1955, Malaya had the first
election.

The result of this election was- Alliance won
51 seats from 52 seats. The other 1 seat won
by PAS. This had lead local people in Malaya
to think about how to rule their own country.

Steps towards Independence of Malaya
Towards Independence

- In January 1956, Tunku Abdul Rahman
and his members have a trip to London to
discuss about Independence for Malaya.

- Through the discussion, Reid
Commission was formed which lead by
Lord Reid.

- Upon discussion, Malaya was given the
independence on 31 August 1957.
Chapter 3: The formation of
Malaysia
Lecture outline

Factors that brought about the
formation of Malaysia
Various reactions to the idea of the
formation of Malaysia
Analyse the reasons that led to the
separation of Singapore from Malaysia

Formation of Malaysia


Factors
- formation of Malaysia
Understanding
for development
Ethnic balance
and unity
Collective fight
against
communism
Economic
Cooperation
United
International
relations
Independence
through
unification
Formation of Malaysia
Various reaction to the idea of
formation of Malaysia
Sarawak
Sabah
Brunei
Singapore
Indonesia
Philipines
Formation of Malaysia
Process of the formation of Malaysia

Malaysian Solidarity Consultative
Committee
Cobbold Commission
Inter-Government Committee
Referendum in Singapore