BAB 7:

GRADERS &
COMPACTORS
GRADING
Definition: Any excavating or filling or combination
thereof.
The site is graded to cut high points and fill low
areas to the desired profile elevations.
the grading construction was done according to the
approved plans, including the location and extent of
grading, and the finish slopes of cuts and fills.
Generally, cut material can be used as embankment
fill.
However, peat, organic silt, or soil with high organic
content should not be used; borrow material should
be used instead.
GRADERS
The function of grading equipment is to bring
the earthwork to the desired shape and
elevation.
Major types of grading equipment include
motor graders and grade trimmers.
The former is an all-purpose machine for
grading and surface finishing, while the latter
is used for heavy construction because of its
higher operating speed.
GRADERS
GRADERS
GRADERS
GRADERS
GRADERS
is used to level the ground for example in order to
produce a declivity so that the rain water can drain
off.
For doing this the grader is equipped with a leveling
blade (moldboard), which is fixed between the axles,
and which is moveable to many adjusted positions.
is equipped with a steerable off-road independent
front axle as well as with attachments, for example
front leveling blade and a rear road raker, both are
height-adjustable and detachable.
GRADERS
In construction industry, the grader's purpose is to "finish grade" (refine, set precisely)
the "rough grading" performed by heavy equipment or engineering vehicles such as
scrapers and bulldozers.
Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and
gravel roads. In the construction of paved roads they are used to prepare the base
course to create a wide flat surface for the asphalt to be placed on. Graders are also
used to set native soil foundation pads to finish grade prior to the construction of
large buildings.
Graders can produce inclined surfaces, to give cant (camber) to roads. In some
countries they are used to produce drainage ditches with shallow V-shaped cross-
sections on either side of highways.

GRADERS

GRADERS
Motor Grader or Trimmer?
Subgrade preparation is about to begin. Do we use a motor grader or a trimmer? Both have their
place on the job site.
For many years motor graders were used for final subgrade preparation because most road
building contractors owned a motor grader. They would normally be operated by an individual who
had expertise in cutting "fine grade."
This was normally accomplished by a surveyor setting what were known as "blue tops." These
were simply square, wooden stakes driven into the ground until the top of the stake, which was
painted blue, would be at the correct subgrade elevation. Depending on the profile of the roadway,
there was usually a stake driven every 25 or 50 feet (7.6 or 15.2 m) apart on each side of the
roadway and also down the centerline. The motor grader operator would make multiple passes on
the roadway cutting the grade until he could see the "blue top," and consequently, the final
subgrade elevation was achieved.
Because of blue tops being cut out by the moldboard, this sometimes required multiple settings of
the blue tops by the surveyors. This added time and cost to the project.
Just as a side note... today, after the blue top is set to elevation, a "chaser" is nailed to the top of
the blue top to aid the motor grader operator in knowing how close the blue top is to his
moldboard. The chaser is made from polyurethane strands that, after being attached to the top of
the blue top, stick up vertically about three or four inches (76 to 102 mm).
The most common problem was that the area between the blue tops may not be exactly the same
elevation as over the blue tops because the operators would push the moldboard of the motor
grader down as they approached the blue top. Another problem that the motor grader operator
would encounter would be subgrade density that would vary because of different base materials
and the moldboard would not maintain the same elevation as the operator desired. In other words,
the moldboard may "ride up" or float over more dense material and cut in deeper in less dense
material.
That is what separated the normal motor grader operator from a good "blade man." This situation
is compounded by the fact many engineers specify either lime or cement-stabilized natural soils or
select materials. The mixing of these materials creates a very dense and, after some time,
extremely hard material that is almost impervious to a blade. The trimmer will in most cases be
able to cut this material accurately.


The Advent of Slipform Paving
Once preset stringline came into use, with the advent of slipform paving, many contractors used a
combination of stringline and blue tops to attain their desired subgrade elevation. Also at this time,
the grade trimmer came onto the scene because this machine would follow the same stringline
that the paver would follow.
This eliminated the necessity for the surveyor to set blue tops, but sometimes they are still written
in the specifications for an additional elevation check. The premise of the trimmer is that with a
rotating mandrel or trimmer wheel that has teeth evenly spaced across the width of the wheel, the
teeth are cutting the subgrade. The moldboard that follows directly behind the wheel is simply
containing and scraping the excess loose material to be loaded on the loading belts.
This effectively eliminates the problem of a motor grader with a blade or moldboard that may float
over the high-density material and cut into the lower-density material. The composition of the
subgrade makes an enormous amount of difference in the way trimmers and motor graders react
to that material. One example would be a subgrade that has a lot of clay which, when compacted
to density, is very hard. The trimmer, because of its cutting action, "chips" away at the material
and is able to maintain an accurate grade, usually in one trimming pass if the machine is operated
correctly.
The motor grader on the other hand, with this same material, will have a tendency to float over this
hard material. It may take several passes to cut it down to final elevation. This process occurs
whether the machine is operated manually or if it has some type of sensor system to follow the
stringline or is GPS/Laser database controlled.
Another example would be a subgrade material consisting of mainly aggregates and sand with not
much clay or "binder" present. This type of material shears very easily and even if compacted to
high density will be easily cut by a motor grader following a stringline or GPS/Laser database
control. The trimmer will also cut this material with ease.
Grade Trimmer
Grade Trimmer
Grade Trimmer
Grade Trimmer advantages

When trimming what is known as select material, such as previously placed aggregate base, lime
or cement-treated base or even lime or cement-stabilized natural soils, the excess materials that
come from the trimming operation can be loaded on a truck while trimming and hauled to another
area on the job site where a low-grade condition exists.
This keeps the contractor from wasting the high-cost select material.
Even if select material is not used and local soils are being trimmed, the excess material can be
moved to the back side of the stringline where it can be used for backfill to the edge of slab.
This saves the contractor time and money. He can accomplish a task while trimming that would
either require tearing down stringline or several extra pieces of equipment to move the material.
If the local material is needed elsewhere, it can be loaded on a truck while trimming, again saving
additional equipment and expense.

COMPACTORS
Soil Compaction
Definition:

The process by which soil air space is
decreased due to the pressure applied to the
soil particles.
The method of mechanically increasing the
density of soil.

Soil Compaction
Soil Compaction
In construction, this is a significant part of the
building process.

If performed improperly, settlement of the soil
could occur and result in unnecessary
maintenance costs or structure failure.

Almost all types of building sites and
construction projects utilize mechanical
compaction techniques.

Soil Compaction
When it comes to road building or parking lot
construction, the subgrade has to meet the
appropriate standards before the finished surface
can be installed.

One of the machines designed to help meet the
necessary density numbers that will make for a
smooth, long-lasting surface is the compactor.
COMPACTORS
The function of compaction equipment is to
produce higher density in soil mechanically.

The basic forces used in compaction are
static weight, impact and vibration.
COMPACTORS
COMPACTORS
The degree of compaction that may be achieved
depends on the properties of soil, its moisture
content, the thickness of the soil layer for
compaction and the method of compaction.

Some major types of compaction equipment
includes rollers with different operating
characteristics.

Vibratory roller is capable of performing a wide
range of soil and asphalt compaction applications.

Some Major Types of
Compaction Equipment
Sheepsfoot Compactor
with Blade
Single Drum Vibratory Roller
Single Drum Vibratory Roller
Features
Large Compaction Force:
The larger centrifugal force allows for a thicker layer compaction, which in turn allows a fewer number
of shuttle runs over the surface for reduced operating cost.
Articulated Frame for High Mobility:
The frame articulation provides a small turning radius, making the machine highly mobile even in
restricted areas.
Easy Compaction on Road Shoulders:
The frame overhang on both sides allows compaction very close to curbstones or fences.
One-Lever Hydrostatic Transmission System:
The hydrostatic transmission allows directional changes, starts, braking and stop to be achieved with
only one lever. Also, it allows travel speed to be controlled to optimum levels to suit operation.
Comfortable to Operate:
A rubber-mounted operator's compartment is designed to reduce vibration for improved operator
comfort. The operator seat, sliding fore and aft, provides the optimum driving position for any size
operator. Additionally, full-hydraulic power steering provides light control effort.

Single Drum Vibratory Roller
Economical, Durable Engine:
The engine, featuring direct injection and troidal combustion chambers, offers proven durability and low
fuel consumption. The hydrostatic transmission assures excellent flat torque for very smooth operation.
Small Overhang:
Small overhang of the left side of the machine facilitates quick and smooth compaction work very close
to walls, fences, or posts.
Large Roll Width and Working Speed:
Large roller width and working speed allows shorter cycle time for speedy job completion.
Low Noise and Vibration:
Rubber pads for vibrator shaft support, steering wheel support, and operator's compartment
suppress vibration before it reached the operator.
Sprinkler System:
A sprinkler system is essential for asphalt compaction work. Water is spread uniformly over the whole span
of the rollers and a large-capacity water tank allows extended operation before refilling.
Single Drum Vibratory Roller
Tire Roller
Features
High efficiency, high precision rolling operations
The wide rolling width provides a large hourly production, thereby reducing the project period.
By using wide tires which provide a uniform ground pressure, it is possible to achieve high precision rolling with a high degree of
flatness. The amount of overlap is large and uniform, so there are no parts left unrolled, and the rolling operation can be carried out
efficiently.
Side rolling is also easy
The front tires are over-banked a large amount from the frame, so it is possible to carry out rolling operations right up to the edge of
walls or roads.
Optimum water spray, oil spray device installed for operation on paved surfaces
A job-proven diaphragm type pump is used to spray water. This can give a uniform spray regardless of the slope of the surface
being rolled. The capacity of the water tank is a large 220 liters, which enables water spray operations to be carried out for a long
period with one tank of water.
Stable, low center of gravity design
The design with a low center of gravity allows a large angle of lean to the left or right, thereby ensuring stable operations even on
rough ground.
Easy operation and control
A HST (hydrostatic transmission) is used. Change of direction, braking, and speed control operations can be carried out simply with
one FR lever. The knob on the steering wheel and the power steering system enable steering operations to be carried out with a
light touch.

Tire Roller
Features
High safety brake system
For normal operations, the FR lever is placed at neutral and the HST brake is used to brake the machine. The parking brake is a
mechanical type. In emergencies, the foot brake is operated to use the braking force of both the HST brake and the mechanical
brake.
Comfortable, pleasant operation
A wide bench seat is used to enable the operator to take the most suitable driving position, so he feels no fatigue even after long
hours of operation.
Easy maintenance
The structure of the fully hydraulic system has made the drive system easier, so daily maintenance can be carried out easily.


Tire Roller