3 - Microwave and Radio

www.huawei.
com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Microwave Part [ AM ;
protection, SNCP ,
LMSP ]
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
AM Function
The AM function adjusts the modulation scheme according to the quality of the channel , In the case of the same channel spaci ng,
the microwave service bandwidth varies with the modulation mode. The higher the modulation efficiency, the higher the bandwidth
of the transmitted services is. In this manner, the anti-interference capability of the radio link is improved and the link
availability of the services with a higher priority is ensured.
The AM technology adopted by the OptiX RTN 950 has the following
features:

> The AM technology can use the QPSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM,
128QAM, and 256QAM modulation mode.

> The lowest modulation mode (also called "reference mode") and
the highest modulation mode (also called "nominal mode") actually
used by the AM can be configured.

> When the modulation modes of AM are switched, the transmit
frequency, receive frequency, and channel spacing do not change.

> When the modulation modes of AM are switched, the step-by-step
switching mode must be adopted.

> When the AM switches the modulation modes to a lower one, the
services with the low priority are discarded but no bit errors or slips
occur in the services with the high priority. The speed of switching the
modulation modes meets the requirement for no bit error in the
case of 100 dB/s fast fading.
Capacity
Time
99.999%
Voice
Adaptive Modulation
Outage: 5.25min
99.998%
99.995%
99.99%
99.95%
256QAM
128QAM
64QAM
64QAM
128QAM
256QAM
32QAM 99.9%
Outage: 10.51min
Outage: 26.28min
Outage: 52.56min
Outage: 262.80min
Outage: 525.60min
QPSK
16QAM
Packet radio
GSM
HSPA
Purpose\ to use the microwave frequency resources more efficiently and to provide
a higher valid bandwidth, according to the propagation condition of air interface,
the modulation mode is automatically changed to ensure that the services are transmitted
to the greatest extent.
> When the AM function is enabled, the Hybrid microwave supports the 1+1 protection and N+1 protection and
XPIC function.
> When the XPIC function is enabled, the XPIC workgroup can be configured only on the channel spacing of 28
MHz or 56 MHz.
AM Working Principle (Before the Switching)
1. The service is scheduled to the IF interface of the IF board and then multiplexed into the microwave frame at the MUX unit.
2. The microwave frame is transmitted to the opposite end over the Tx path after being modulated by the IF unit.
3. The Rx path of the opposite end receives the IF signal and then checks the quality of the received signal based on the
received signal to noise ratio (SNR). In the case of the current modulation scheme, the quality of the received signal is
considered to be degraded if the value of the received SNR is lower than the preset threshold. In this case, the opposite end
sends a signal that indicates the quality of the received signal to the AM engine.
4. The AM engine at the opposite end sends the microwave frame to the local end after the switching indication signal is inserted
into the overhead of this microwave frame.
5. The IF unit at the local end processes the received IF signal and sends the AM switching indication signal to AM engine at the
local end.
6. The AM engine sends the switching indication signal to the MUX unit to enable the MUX unit and the air interface to change the
modulation scheme, as shown
System gain is decreased while modulation increased and service bandwidth also ,
under bad weather condition or even an interference the Modulation mode is down shifted
to conserve the highest priority service and drop low priority services giving granularity of different
services types as in below diagram
voice 99.999%
video 99.995 %
data 99.99 %
in the AM technology , modulation mode switched step by step according to signal to noise ration
( SNR ) at the receiver , to ensure smooth jitter and bit error free events in the switching , the system
does not switch the modulation mode immediately in all cases that SNR reaches the relevant
threshold , instead , certain AM margin is added , so final SNR is called SNR threshold ,
to prevent frequent modulation switching , SNR value of the downshift is lower than SNR value
of the up shift , another powerful feature that the site participate in the formation of the AM link ,
start to search for optimum modulation mode it can use in the transmission direction , while it can
use another low modulation type in the receiving direction in case the opposite site do not got
AM function enabled, so that at an instance Huawei MW site can have two types of carrier
one used for modulation and other used for demodulation.
On the NMS, modulation mode can be set to lowest modulation mode (Guaranteed mode)
, and the highest modulation mode ( Full-Capacity mode) , for convenient description ,
the modulation mode for meeting the highest link availability of the service capacity of the
customer is called the reference mode , By default reference mode is considered as the
Guaranteed mode.
QPSK demodulation threshold before the AM function is enabled
16-QAM demodulation threshold before the AM function is enabled
Up shift switch threshold from QPSK-> 16-QAM
Up shift switch threshold from 16-QAM> 32-QAM
Working in 16-QAM
Up shift switch threshold from 32-QAM> 64-QAM
Working in 32-QAM
down shift switch threshold from 64-QAM> 32-QAM
down shift switch threshold from 32-QAM> 16-QAM
Working in 64-QAM
down shift switch threshold from 16-QAM> QPSK
UP-Shift
Down-Shift
Working in 32-QAM
Working in 16-QAM
16-QAM ? 32-QAM
AM up adjustment margin of 16-QAM
AM down adjustment margin of 16-QAM
Q
P
S
K

1
6
-
Q
A
M

3
2
-
Q
A
M

6
4
-
Q
A
M

1
2
8
-
Q
A
M

2
5
6
-
Q
A
M

A- UP-Shift procedure
QPSK Area
16-QAM Area
32-QAM Area
64-QAM Area
128-QAM Area
256-QAM Area
System switched to use 16-QAM while it can support up to 32-QAM used as margin
Probability of working duration in each mode is almost the same.
Q
P
S
K

1
6
-
Q
A
M

3
2
-
Q
A
M

6
4
-
Q
A
M

1
2
8
-
Q
A
M

2
5
6
-
Q
A
M

A- Down-Shift procedure
QPSK Area
16-QAM Area
32-QAM Area
64-QAM Area
128-QAM Area
256-QAM Area
Up-shift threshold Down-shift threshold
Up-shift margin
Down-shift margin
Formula of Calculating Required SNR at the receiver
S/N = THR + k*B - F
THR = Receiver threshold , k = Boltzmann Constant , B = Signal Bandwidth ,
F = Noise Factor
After the AM Function is Enabled , S/N = ( THR + AM ) + k*B F , thus the New
S/N required in the Design for each up-shift or down-shift switching has an added
Margin = AM , saving switching criteria has hitless switching.
where
L - Receiver threshold level for a given BER
(no interference) [dBW]
k - Boltzmann's constant = 1.3806503 10-23 m2 kg s-2 K-1
T - the absolute temperature in Kelvin = ([K] = [C] + 273.15 )
B - the IF bandwidth in Hertz
F - the receiver noise figure in decibel
BER=10-9 6GHz 7GHz 8GHz 11GHz 13GHz 15GHz 18GHz 23GHz 26GHz 32GHz 38GHz
7M
QPSK -90.50 -90.50 -90.50 -90.00 -90.00 -90.00 -90.00 -89.50 -89.00 -88.00 -87.50
16QAM -84.50 -84.50 -84.50 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -83.50 -83.00 -82.00 -81.50
32QAM -80.50 -80.50 -80.50 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -79.50 -79.00 -78.00 -77.50
64QAM -77.50 -77.50 -77.50 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -76.50 -76.00 -75.00 -74.50
128QAM -74.50 -74.50 -74.50 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -73.50 -73.00 -72.00 -71.50
256QAM \ -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50
14M
QPSK -88.50 -88.50 -88.50 -88.00 -88.00 -88.00 -88.00 -87.50 -87.00 -86.00 -85.50
16QAM -81.50 -81.50 -81.50 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -80.50 -80.00 -79.00 -78.50
32QAM -77.50 -77.50 -77.50 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -76.50 -76.00 -75.00 -74.50
64QAM -74.50 -74.50 -74.50 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -73.50 -73.00 -72.00 -71.50
128QAM -71.50 -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50
256QAM \ -68.50 -68.50 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -67.50 -67.00 -66.00 -65.50
28M
QPSK -85.50 -85.50 -85.50 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -84.50 -84.00 -83.00 -82.50
16QAM -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50
32QAM -74.50 -74.50 -74.50 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -73.50 -73.00 -72.00 -71.50
64QAM -71.50 -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50
128QAM -68.50 -68.50 -68.50 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -67.50 -67.00 -66.00 -65.50
256QAM \ -65.50 -65.50 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -64.50 -64.00 -63.00 -62.50
56M
QPSK \ -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50
16QAM \ -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50
32QAM \ -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50
64QAM \ -68.50 -68.50 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -67.50 -67.00 -66.00 -65.50
128QAM \ -65.50 -65.50 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -64.50 -64.00 -63.00 -62.50
256QAM \ -62.50 -62.50 -62.00 -62.00 -62.00 -62.00 -61.50 -61.00 -60.00 -59.50
Receiver Sensitivity IFU2
7M
QPSK -92.50 -92.50 -92.50 -92.00 -92.00 -92.00 -92.00 -91.50 -91.00 -90.00 -89.50
16QAM -86.50 -86.50 -86.50 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -85.50 -85.00 -84.00 -83.50
32QAM -82.50 -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50
64QAM -79.50 -79.50 -79.50 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.00 -77.00 -76.50
128QAM -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -75.50 -75.00 -74.00 -73.50
256QAM \ -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50
14M
QPSK -90.50 -90.50 -90.50 -90.00 -90.00 -90.00 -90.00 -89.50 -89.00 -88.00 -87.50
16QAM -83.50 -83.50 -83.50 -83.00 -83.00 -83.00 -83.00 -82.50 -82.00 -81.00 -80.50
32QAM -79.50 -79.50 -79.50 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.00 -77.00 -76.50
64QAM -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -75.50 -75.00 -74.00 -73.50
128QAM -73.50 -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50
256QAM \ -70.50 -70.50 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -69.50 -69.00 -68.00 -67.50
28M
QPSK -87.50 -87.50 -87.50 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -86.50 -86.00 -85.00 -84.50
16QAM -80.50 -80.50 -80.50 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -79.50 -79.00 -78.00 -77.50
32QAM -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -75.50 -75.00 -74.00 -73.50
64QAM -73.50 -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50
128QAM -70.50 -70.50 -70.50 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -69.50 -69.00 -68.00 -67.50
256QAM \ -67.50 -67.50 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -66.50 -66.00 -65.00 -64.50
56M
QPSK \ -84.50 -84.50 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -83.50 -83.00 -82.00 -81.50
16QAM \ -77.50 -77.50 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -76.50 -76.00 -75.00 -74.50
32QAM \ -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50
64QAM \ -70.50 -70.50 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -69.50 -69.00 -68.00 -67.50
128QAM \ -67.50 -67.50 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -66.50 -66.00 -65.00 -64.50
256QAM \ -64.50 -64.50 -64.00 -64.00 -64.00 -64.00 -63.50 -63.00 -62.00 -61.50
7M
QPSK -94.50 -94.50 -94.50 -94.00 -94.00 -94.00 -94.00 -93.50 -93.00 -92.00 -91.50
16QAM -88.50 -88.50 -88.50 -88.00 -88.00 -88.00 -88.00 -87.50 -87.00 -86.00 -85.50
32QAM -84.50 -84.50 -84.50 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -83.50 -83.00 -82.00 -81.50
64QAM -81.50 -81.50 -81.50 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -80.50 -80.00 -79.00 -78.50
128QAM -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50
256QAM \ -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50
14M
QPSK -92.50 -92.50 -92.50 -92.00 -92.00 -92.00 -92.00 -91.50 -91.00 -90.00 -89.50
16QAM -85.50 -85.50 -85.50 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -84.50 -84.00 -83.00 -82.50
32QAM -81.50 -81.50 -81.50 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -80.50 -80.00 -79.00 -78.50
64QAM -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50
128QAM -75.50 -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50
256QAM \ -72.50 -72.50 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -71.50 -71.00 -70.00 -69.50
28M
QPSK -89.50 -89.50 -89.50 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -88.50 -88.00 -87.00 -86.50
16QAM -82.50 -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50
32QAM -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50
64QAM -75.50 -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50
128QAM -72.50 -72.50 -72.50 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -71.50 -71.00 -70.00 -69.50
256QAM \ -69.50 -69.50 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -68.50 -68.00 -67.00 -66.50
56M
QPSK \ -86.50 -86.50 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -85.50 -85.00 -84.00 -83.50
16QAM \ -79.50 -79.50 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.00 -77.00 -76.50
32QAM \ -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50
64QAM \ -72.50 -72.50 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -71.50 -71.00 -70.00 -69.50
128QAM \ -69.50 -69.50 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -68.50 -68.00 -67.00 -66.50
256QAM \ -66.50 -66.50 -66.00 -66.00 -66.00 -66.00 -65.50 -65.00 -64.00 -63.50
Receiver Sensitivity IF1
1 QPSK_4E1 -89.50 -89.50 -89.50 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -88.50 -88.00 -87.00 -86.50
2 16QAM_4E1 -85.50 -85.50 -85.50 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -84.50 -84.00 -83.00 -82.50
3 QPSK_8E1 -86.50 -86.50 -86.50 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -85.50 -85.00 -84.00 -83.50
4 16QAM_8E1 -82.50 -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50
5 QPSK_16E1 -83.50 -83.50 -83.50 -83.00 -83.00 -83.00 -83.00 -82.50 -82.00 -81.00 -80.50
6 16QAM_16E1 -79.50 -79.50 -79.50 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.00 -77.00 -76.50
7 128QAM_STM-1 -68.50 -68.50 -68.50 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -67.50 -67.00 -66.00 -65.50
10 32QAM_22E1 -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50
11 64QAM_26E1 -74.50 -74.50 -74.50 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -73.50 -73.00 -72.00 -71.50
13 16QAM_35E1 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.00 -75.50 -74.50 -74.00
14 32QAM_44E1 -75.50 -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50
15 64QAM_53E1 -71.50 -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50
BER=10-6 (Typical
value)
6GHz 7GHz 8GHz 11GHz 13GHz 15GHz 18GHz 23GHz 26GHz 32GHz 38GHz
1 QPSK_4E1 -91.50 -91.50 -91.50 -91.00 -91.00 -91.00 -91.00 -90.50 -90.00 -89.00 -88.50
2 16QAM_4E1 -87.50 -87.50 -87.50 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -86.50 -86.00 -85.00 -84.50
3 QPSK_8E1 -88.50 -88.50 -88.50 -88.00 -88.00 -88.00 -88.00 -87.50 -87.00 -86.00 -85.50
4 16QAM_8E1 -84.50 -84.50 -84.50 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -83.50 -83.00 -82.00 -81.50
5 QPSK_16E1 -85.50 -85.50 -85.50 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -84.50 -84.00 -83.00 -82.50
6 16QAM_16E1 -81.50 -81.50 -81.50 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -80.50 -80.00 -79.00 -78.50
7 128QAM_STM-1 -70.50 -70.50 -70.50 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -69.50 -69.00 -68.00 -67.50
10 32QAM_22E1 -80.50 -80.50 -80.50 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -79.50 -79.00 -78.00 -77.50
11 64QAM_26E1 -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -75.50 -75.00 -74.00 -73.50
13 16QAM_35E1 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -77.50 -76.50 -76.00
14 32QAM_44E1 -77.50 -77.50 -77.50 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -76.50 -76.00 -75.00 -74.50
15 64QAM_53E1 -73.50 -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50
1 QPSK_4E1 -93.50 -93.50 -93.50 -93.00 -93.00 -93.00 -93.00 -92.50 -92.00 -91.00 -90.50
2 16QAM_4E1 -89.50 -89.50 -89.50 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -88.50 -88.00 -87.00 -86.50
3 QPSK_8E1 -90.50 -90.50 -90.50 -90.00 -90.00 -90.00 -90.00 -89.50 -89.00 -88.00 -87.50
4 16QAM_8E1 -86.50 -86.50 -86.50 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -85.50 -85.00 -84.00 -83.50
5 QPSK_16E1 -87.50 -87.50 -87.50 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -86.50 -86.00 -85.00 -84.50
6 16QAM_16E1 -83.50 -83.50 -83.50 -83.00 -83.00 -83.00 -83.00 -82.50 -82.00 -81.00 -80.50
7 128QAM_STM-1 -72.50 -72.50 -72.50 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -71.50 -71.00 -70.00 -69.50
10 32QAM_22E1 -82.50 -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50
11 64QAM_26E1 -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50
13 16QAM_35E1 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -80.50 -80.50 -80.50 -80.50 -80.00 -79.50 -78.50 -78.00
14 32QAM_44E1 -79.50 -79.50 -79.50 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.00 -77.00 -76.50
15 64QAM_53E1 -75.50 -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50
28M
QPSK -85.50 -85.50 -85.50 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -84.50 -84.00 -83.00 -82.50
16QAM -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50
32QAM -74.50 -74.50 -74.50 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -73.50 -73.00 -72.00 -71.50
64QAM -71.50 -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50
128QAM -68.50 -68.50 -68.50 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -67.50 -67.00 -66.00 -65.50
256QAM \ -65.50 -65.50 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -64.50 -64.00 -63.00 -62.50
56M
QPSK \ -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50
16QAM \ -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50
32QAM \ -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50
64QAM \ -68.50 -68.50 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -67.50 -67.00 -66.00 -65.50
128QAM \ -65.50 -65.50 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -64.50 -64.00 -63.00 -62.50
256QAM \ -62.50 -62.50 -62.00 -62.00 -62.00 -62.00 -61.50 -61.00 -60.00 -59.50
28M
QPSK -87.50 -87.50 -87.50 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -86.50 -86.00 -85.00 -84.50
16QAM -80.50 -80.50 -80.50 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -79.50 -79.00 -78.00 -77.50
32QAM -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -75.50 -75.00 -74.00 -73.50
64QAM -73.50 -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50
128QAM -70.50 -70.50 -70.50 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -69.50 -69.00 -68.00 -67.50
256QAM \ -67.50 -67.50 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -66.50 -66.00 -65.00 -64.50
56M
QPSK \ -84.50 -84.50 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -83.50 -83.00 -82.00 -81.50
16QAM \ -77.50 -77.50 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -76.50 -76.00 -75.00 -74.50
32QAM \ -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50
64QAM \ -70.50 -70.50 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -69.50 -69.00 -68.00 -67.50
128QAM \ -67.50 -67.50 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -66.50 -66.00 -65.00 -64.50
256QAM \ -64.50 -64.50 -64.00 -64.00 -64.00 -64.00 -63.50 -63.00 -62.00 -61.50
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r

S
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y

I
F
X
2

Receiver Sensitivity IFX2
28M
QPSK -89.50 -89.50 -89.50 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -88.50 -88.00 -87.00 -86.50
16QAM -82.50 -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50
32QAM -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50
64QAM -75.50 -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50
128QAM -72.50 -72.50 -72.50 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -71.50 -71.00 -70.00 -69.50
256QAM \ -69.50 -69.50 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -68.50 -68.00 -67.00 -66.50
56M
QPSK \ -86.50 -86.50 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -85.50 -85.00 -84.00 -83.50
16QAM \ -79.50 -79.50 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.00 -77.00 -76.50
32QAM \ -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50
64QAM \ -72.50 -72.50 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -71.50 -71.00 -70.00 -69.50
128QAM \ -69.50 -69.50 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -68.50 -68.00 -67.00 -66.50
256QAM \ -66.50 -66.50 -66.00 -66.00 -66.00 -66.00 -65.50 -65.00 -64.00 -63.50
Noise factor of the receiver
RSL@-65dBm HP(dB) XMC-2(dB) SP(dB) SPA(dB) LP(dB) XMC-1(dB)
6GHz
NA NA NA 7.0 NA NA
7GHz
7.0 NA 7.5 7.0 7.0 NA
8GHz
7.0 NA 7.0 7.0 NA
11GHz
6.5 NA 7.0 7.0 7.0 NA
13GHz
6.5 NA 7.0 7.0 7.0 NA
15GHz
6.5 6.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.5
18GHz
6.5 NA 7.0 7.0 7.0 NA
23GHz
7.0 7.1 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.1
26GHz
7.0 NA 7.5 NA NA NA
32GHz
8.0 NA NA NA NA NA
38GHz
9.0 NA 10.0 NA NA NA
FKTB dBm
= -174 + 10logB+NF. B indicates the bandwidth at the symbol rate, and NF indicates the
preceding noise factor.
CS
7M 14M
HP XMC-2 SP SPA LP XMC-1 HP XMC-2 SP SPA LP XMC-1
6GHz / / / -98.55 / / / / / -95.54 / /
7GHz -
98.55
/
-98.05
-98.55
-98.55
/ -95.54
/ -95.04 -95.54
-95.54
/
8GHz -
98.55
/
-98.05
-98.55
-98.55
/ -95.54
/ -95.04 -95.54
-95.54
/
11GHz -
99.05
/
-98.55
-98.55
-98.55
/ -96.04
/ -95.54 -95.54
-95.54
/
13GHz -
99.05
/
-98.55
-98.55
-98.55
/ -96.04
/ -95.54 -95.54
-95.54
/
15GHz -
99.05
-99.05 -98.55
-98.55
-98.55 -99.05
-96.04
-96.04 -95.54 -95.54
-95.54
-96.04
18GHz -
99.05
/
-98.55
-98.55
-98.55
/ -96.04
/ -95.54 -95.54
-95.54
/
23GHz -
98.55
-98.45 -98.05
-98.05
-98.05 -98.45
-95.54
-95.44 -95.04 -95.04
-95.04
-95.44
26GHz -
98.55
/
-98.05
/
/
/ -95.54
/ -95.04 /
/
/
32GHz -
97.55
/ / /
/
/ -94.54
/ /
/ /
/
38GHz -
96.55
/
-95.55
/
/
/ -93.54
/ -92.54 /
/
/
FKTB 28M 56M
HP XMC-2 SP SPA LP XMC-1 HP XMC-2 SP SPA LP XMC-1
6GHz / / / -92.53 / / / / / -89.52 / /
7GHz -92.53 / -92.03 -92.53 -92.53 / -89.52 / -89.02 -89.52 -89.52 /
8GHz -92.53 / -92.03 -92.53 -92.53 / -89.52 / -89.02 -89.52 -89.52 /
11GHz -93.03
/ -92.53 -92.53 -92.53 /
-90.02
/
-89.52 -89.52 -89.52 /
13GHz -93.03
/ -92.53 -92.53 -92.53 /
-90.02
/
-89.52 -89.52 -89.52 /
15GHz -93.03 -93.03
-92.53 -92.53 -92.53
-93.03 -90.02 -90.02 -89.52 -89.52 -89.52 /
18GHz -93.03
/ -92.53 -92.53 -92.53 /
-90.02
/
-89.52 -89.52 -89.52 /
23GHz -92.53 -92.43
-92.03 -92.03 -92.03
-92.43 -89.52 -89.42 -89.02 -89.02 -89.02 /
26GHz -92.53
/ -92.03 / / /
-89.52
/
-89.02 / / /
32GHz -91.53
/ / / / /
-88.52
/
/ / / /
38GHz -90.53
/ -89.53 / / /
-87.52
/
-86.52 / / /
AM Sensitivity data
IFU2 IFX2 For XPIC disable only
Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward
QPSK -81.0 -78.0 -75.5 -72.0 QPSK -75.5 -72.0
16QAM -77.5 -84.0 -74.5 -82.0 -72.0 -79.0 -68.5 -75.5 16QAM -72.0 -79.0 -68.5 -75.5
32QAM -71.5 -79.0 -69.0 -76.0 -66.5 -73.0 -63.5 -70.0 32QAM -66.5 -73.0 -63.5 -70.0
64QAM -67.0 -76.5 -65.0 -74.5 -63.5 -71.5 -61.0 -68.5 64QAM -63.5 -71.5 -61.0 -68.5
128QAM -66.0 -71.0 -63.5 -68.5 -60.5 -65.0 -57.0 -62.5 128QAM -60.5 -65.0 -57.0 -62.5
256QAM -69.0 -66.5 -63.5 -60.0 256QAM -63.5 -60.0
QPSK -80.5 -77.5 -75.0 -71.5 QPSK -75.0 -71.5
16QAM -77.0 -83.5 -74.0 -81.5 -71.5 -78.5 -68.0 -75.0 16QAM -71.5 -78.5 -68.0 -75.0
32QAM -71.0 -78.5 -68.5 -75.5 -66.0 -72.5 -63.0 -69.5 32QAM -66.0 -72.5 -63.0 -69.5
64QAM -66.5 -76.0 -64.5 -74.0 -63.0 -71.0 -60.5 -68.0 64QAM -63.0 -71.0 -60.5 -68.0
128QAM -65.5 -70.5 -63.0 -68.0 -60.0 -64.5 -56.5 -62.0 128QAM -60.0 -64.5 -56.5 -62.0
256QAM -68.5 -66.0 -63.0 -59.5 256QAM -63.0 -59.5
56M
11-18G
28M 56M
6-8G
28M
6-8G
7M 14M 28M 56M
56M
11-18G
7M 14M 28M
AM Sensitivity data
QPSK -80.0 -77.0 -74.5 -71.0 QPSK -74.5 -71.0
16QAM -76.5 -83.0 -73.5 -81.0 -71.0 -78.0 -67.5 -74.5 16QAM -71.0 -78.0 -67.5 -74.5
32QAM -70.5 -78.0 -68.0 -75.0 -65.5 -72.0 -62.5 -69.0 32QAM -65.5 -72.0 -62.5 -69.0
64QAM -66.0 -75.5 -64.0 -73.5 -62.5 -70.5 -60.0 -67.5 64QAM -62.5 -70.5 -60.0 -67.5
128QAM -65.0 -70.0 -62.5 -67.5 -59.5 -64.0 -56.0 -61.5 128QAM -59.5 -64.0 -56.0 -61.5
256QAM -68.0 -65.5 -62.5 -59.0 256QAM -62.5 -59.0
QPSK -79.5 -76.5 -74.0 -70.5 QPSK -74.0 -70.5
16QAM -76.0 -82.5 -73.0 -80.5 -70.5 -77.5 -67.0 -74.0 16QAM -70.5 -77.5 -67.0 -74.0
32QAM -70.0 -77.5 -67.5 -74.5 -65.0 -71.5 -62.0 -68.5 32QAM -65.0 -71.5 -62.0 -68.5
64QAM -65.5 -75.0 -63.5 -73.0 -62.0 -70.0 -59.5 -67.0 64QAM -62.0 -70.0 -59.5 -67.0
128QAM -64.5 -69.5 -62.0 -67.0 -59.0 -63.5 -55.5 -61.0 128QAM -59.0 -63.5 -55.5 -61.0
256QAM -67.5 -65.0 -62.0 -58.5 256QAM -62.0 -58.5
56M
26G
28M 56M
23G
28M
26G
7M 14M 28M 56M
28M 56M
23G
7M 14M
AM Sensitivity data
QPSK -79.0 -76.0 -73.5 -70.0 QPSK -73.5 -70.0
16QAM -75.5 -82.0 -72.5 -80.0 -70.0 -77.0 -66.5 -73.5 16QAM -70.0 -77.0 -66.5 -73.5
32QAM -69.5 -77.0 -67.0 -74.0 -64.5 -71.0 -61.5 -68.0 32QAM -64.5 -71.0 -61.5 -68.0
64QAM -65.0 -74.5 -63.0 -72.5 -61.5 -69.5 -59.0 -66.5 64QAM -61.5 -69.5 -59.0 -66.5
128QAM -64.0 -69.0 -61.5 -66.5 -58.5 -63.0 -55.0 -60.5 128QAM -58.5 -63.0 -55.0 -60.5
256QAM -67.0 -64.5 -61.5 -58.0 256QAM -61.5 -58.0
QPSK -78.5 -75.5 -73.0 -69.5 QPSK -73.0 -69.5
16QAM -75.0 -81.5 -72.0 -79.5 -69.5 -76.5 -66.0 -73.0 16QAM -69.5 -76.5 -66.0 -73.0
32QAM -69.0 -76.5 -66.5 -73.5 -64.0 -70.5 -61.0 -67.5 32QAM -64.0 -70.5 -61.0 -67.5
64QAM -64.5 -74.0 -62.5 -72.0 -61.0 -69.0 -58.5 -66.0 64QAM -61.0 -69.0 -58.5 -66.0
128QAM -63.5 -68.5 -61.0 -66.0 -58.0 -62.5 -54.5 -60.0 128QAM -58.0 -62.5 -54.5 -60.0
256QAM -66.5 -64.0 -61.0 -57.5 256QAM -61.0 -57.5
56M
38G
28M 56M
32G
28M 28M 56M
32G
7M 14M
38G
7M 14M 28M 56M
the presence of interfering signals increases the
receiver's threshold level for a given bit-error
ratio (BER).
When an interfering signal is present, the S/I
ratio is decreased, giving a receiver threshold
degradation. To maintain the system
performance (for an unchanged
fading margin) the receiver input level during
fading free time must be increased. Maintaining
the receiver input unchanged would degrade the
BER performance.

Decreasing modulation scheme guarantee the
Increase of system gain under interference
And thus protect the high priority traffic to pass
With No BER.
Contents
Realization Principle of Protection
1+1 HSB
1+1 SD
1+1 FD
Comparison between HSB and HSM

1+1 HSB
Cross-connect board
Service board
Main
IF board
Main ODU
Hybrid coupler
Antenna
Standby
IF board
Standby ODU
Muted
Muted
In the transmit direction: The service signal is transmitted to the main ODU and the standby ODU after
traversing the cross-connect board. Then, the service signal is transmitted to the antenna through the hybrid
coupler. In normal cases, the standby ODU is muted. After the switching, the main ODU is muted and the
standby ODU starts to work.
In the receive direction: The service signal received at the antenna is transmitted to the cross-connect
board through the main ODU and the standby ODU. The cross-connect board selects the signal transmitted
from the main IF board.
If faults of different types occur, service signals may be transmitted or received through different ODUs.
1+1 SD
Cross-connect board
Service board
Main
IF board
Main ODU
Antenna 1
Standby
IF board
Standby ODU
Antenna 2
Muted
Muted
In the case of the IDU 950, the main IF board and the standby IF board must be installed in paired slots.
In the receive direction: The main IF board and the standby IF board transmit the received service signal to
each other. When a fault occurs on the main channel or the quality of the service on the main channel
declines, the main ODU selects the service signal transmitted from the standby IF board (HSM switching).
1+1 FD
Cross-connect board
Service board
Main
IF board
Main ODU
Hybrid coupler
Antenna
Standby
IF board
Standby ODU
tf2
rf2
tf1
rf1
Compared with the 1+1 SD protection, the 1+1 FD protection uses two frequencies.
The main ODU and the standby ODU both transmit signals.
Comparison Between the 1+1 HSB, 1+1 SD, and 1+1 FD Traditional Microwave
HSB (Switching on the Equipment Side
)
HSM (Switching on the Channel Side
)
1+1 HSB
1+1 SD
1+1 FD
Switching
position
The service signal is selected at the cross-connect
board.
The service signal is selected at the IF board.
Switching
condition
Automatic switching: hardware fault of the IF board,
hardware fault of the ODU, remote fault indication, and
loss of microwave frames
Switching triggered by external commands: lockout of
protection, forced switching, manual switching, and
clear switching
Automatic switching: loss of microwave signals, loss
of microwave frames, bit errors in microwave frames, and
forced selection of the service signal from the IF board in
the paired slot triggered by the HSB switching
Switching triggered by external commands:
commands of forcibly selecting the service signal from the
IF board in the paired slot and clearing the forced
selection
Slot
restriction
The main IF board and the standby IF board need not
be installed in the paired slots.
In the case of the IDU 620, the main IF board and the
standby IF board must be installed in the paired slots.
Switching
time
< 500 ms
The software and the hardware perform the switching
action.
The hardware performs the automatic switching action
quickly. During the switching process, bit errors do not occur.
Revertive
switching
The revertive mode and the non-revertive mode are
supported. The wait-to-restore (WTR) time can be set
to 5 to 12 minutes.
Regardless of whether the switching is set to the revertive
mode or the non-revertive mode, the IF board attempts to
perform a revertive switching action every two minutes after
the HSM switching.
Switching
mode
Single-ended switching Single-ended switching
Contents
Study topic about interference
calculation

Microwave Frequency Planning
Co-channel interference:
When the interfering signal has the same frequency as the interfered signal, the interference is called co-
channel interference.
F1 (transmitted signal) = F2 (interfering signal)
F1
F2
FREQ
RX1
Microwave Frequency Planning
Adjacent channel interference:
When the central frequency of the interfering signal falls in an adjacent channel of the main transmitted
signal, the interference is called adjacent channel interference.
F1 (transmitted signal) and F2 (interfering signal) are overlapped.
F1
F2
FREQ
RX1
Microwave Interference Analysis
Source of co-channel
interference and adjacent
channel interference:
Adjacent links of the same BTS

Other stations on a chain network

Networks of the other carriers

Other possible interference sources, such as radio
stations, radar stations, or other equipment

Poor grounding or electrostatic shielding of
microwave equipment
Cause of co-channel
interference and adjacent
channel interference:
The angle between two adjacent links of the same
BTS is smaller than 90 degrees

Single-channel configuration

Low front-back ratio of antennas

Short-haul chain network topology

Low angle discrimination of small-aperture antennas
Examples of co-channel interference in microwave transmission:
Case 1: Interference caused when the antenna beam width is large and the included angle
between links is small. The signals transmitted from site A to site B interfere with the signals
received by site B from site C. Similarly, the signals transmitted from site C to site B also
interfere with the signals received by site B from site A.
80 Deg.
Site A Site B
Site C
Case 2: Front-back interference is caused by a poor front-back ratio of antennas. The
signals transmitted from site X interfere with the signals received by site Y from site Z.
Similarly, the signals transmitted from site Y to site X also interfere with the signals
received by site Z from site Y.
Site X Site Z
Site Y

Case 3: Overreach interference. The signals transmitted from site A to site B interfere
with the signals received by site D from site C. Similarly, the signals transmitted from site
D to site C interfere with the signals received by site A from site B.
A
B
C
D
F1
F2
F1
Target C/I ratio related to microwave
interference:
The target C/I ratio indicates the ability of a microwave receiver to tolerate radio interference from the
same band, that is, the ability to tolerate co-channel or adjacent channel interference.
F1
F2
FREQ
RX1
Carrier (C)
Interference (I)
Requirements on the C/I Ratio related to
microwave interference:
The C/I ratio on the input port of a
microwave radio receiver should be
equal to or higher than the target C/I
ratio, so that the receiver can attain the
threshold-to-interference (T/I) ratio.

The lower requirements on the target C/I
ratio on the input port of a microwave
radio receiver, the stronger ability of the
receiver to resist interference.
Definition of the T/I ratio
related to microwave
interference:
The T/I ratio defines interfering signal influence on
the interfered radio receiver, that is, a radio
receiver sensitivity to interfering signals.

When the static threshold of a radio receiver is
known, the received signals can manually fade till
the bit error ratio (BER) reaches 1x10
-6
so as to
compute the T/I ratio.

The T/I ratio is defined as the ratio of the
threshold to interference when the BER is 1x10
-6
and the threshold value is decreases by 1 dB.
Example 1 of microwave interference types:
V
H
XPD
f1
f1
f1
F / B
f1
f2
Adjacent Copolarized
f1 f1
f1
f1
f1
f1 f1 f1
Overreach F / B + Overreach Opposite Hop F / B
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
Opposite Hop
Overreach
f1
Satellite and
Analog Radio
f1 f1 f1 f1
Other
Digital
Systems
Methods for interference
cancellation and suppression:
Reduce the Tx level of interfering signals

Select a proper channel and polarization mode

Use angle isolation between links

Select an antenna with a higher front-back ratio and
better directivity

Select microwave equipment with the ATPC function

Configure Tx high stations and Tx low stations correctly
Application of the ATPC:
When a microwave channel device has the ATPC function, generally, the transmitter can work with the set
transmitted power. When the receiver detects that the received level decreases as a result of link attenuation,
the transmitter automatically increases its transmitted power in steps of 1 dB till the maximum transmitted
power is reached to compensate the decrease in the received level.

You can select microwave channel devices with the APTC function to effectively conquer the degradation of the
received power threshold caused by co-channel interference. The ATPC value can compensate most of the
threshold degradation.

Microwave channel devices with the ATPC function has the following advantages over the microwave channel
devices without the ATPC function:

Less power consumption

Longer MTBF

Less interference to other networks
Example 1 of microwave interference cancellation through
reasonable route planning:
Site A Site B
Site A Site B
Site C
Site D
Site D
Site C
Site A Site B
Site C
Site A Site B
Site C
Example 2 of microwave interference cancellation through
reasonable route planning:
Site A Site B
Site A Site B
Site C
Site D
Site D
Site 1
Site 2
Site 1
Site 2
Examples of Interference Analysis
and Calculation
Target T/I ratio:
Typical T/I values of microwave devices
Co-channel T/I = 30 dB (1dB threshold decreased)
Adjacent channel T/I = -35 dB (1dB threshold decreased)

I
obj
= Rx Threshold Level T/I
= - 68 30
= - 98 dBm
Therefore, the received level of interfering signals should be smaller
than
-98 dBm to avoid the degradation of the receiver threshold level.
Transmission path: C - B
Interference path: A - B
Transmitted signal
From link C to link B
25 dBm Tx level
35 dBm Tx antenna gain
35 dBm Rx antenna gain
----------
95 dBm
-132 dBm Path loss
---------- (16 km)
-37 dBm Rx level
Interfering signal
From link A to link B
25 dBm Tx level
35 dBm Tx antenna gain
35 dBm Rx antenna gain
-----------
95 dBm
-128 dBm Path loss (10 km)
-----------
-33 dBm Rx level
-48 dBm 53
0
discrimination
-----------
-81 dBm Rx level of interfering signal
C/I : -37 - ( -81 ) = 44 dB
A
B
C
53
0
I
Obj
: -68 - 30 = -98 dBm
In this example, I
Obj
is -98 dBm, whereas the Rx level of the interfering
signal is -81 dBm. As a result, the threshold of the interfered receiver is
decreased by about 17 dB. The ATPC function of the receiver provides
15 dB to control the interference to an acceptable level.
Antenna discrimination pattern (L6G 0.6 m
antenna)
H - H
V - V
H - V
V - H
Antenna discrimination pattern (L6G 1.2
m antenna)
H - H
V - V
H - V
V - H
antenna)
H - H
V - V
H - V
V - H
antenna)
H - H
V - V
H - V
V - H
AM Configuration Steps
Step 1 In the NE Explorer, select a Hybrid IF board from the Object Tree and then
choose
Configuration > Hybrid/AM Configuration from the Function Tree.
Step 2 Configure the parameters of the Hybrid/AM attribute.
Step 3 Click Apply.
ATPC
1- reduces the interference of a transmitter to adjacent systems
2- reduces the residual bit error rate.

If the RSL at the receiver is 2 dB lower than the central value of the ATPC upper threshold and the
ATPC lower threshold, the receiver notifies the transmitter of an increase in the transmit power.
Therefore, the RSL can be within the value range that has a bias of 2 dB from the central value of
the ATPC upper threshold and the ATPC lower threshold. See

> The preset maximum transmit power of the ODU should not be more than the rated maximum
transmit power of the ODU.
> If the actual transmit power of the ODU reaches the preset maximum transmit power whereas the
RSL at the receiver fails to be within the value range that has a bias of 2 dB from the central
value of the ATPC upper threshold and the ATPC lower threshold, adjustments are no longer made.

ATPC Max Value
ATPC Min Value
Actual RX Value
Actual TX Value
A B C D E F G
ATX & RX normal; B: RX decrease cause by some reason; C: RX meet ATPC minimum value
and TX increase; D: The influence steady TX&RX keep the value; E: the influence decrease and
the TX keep the value; F: the influence continue decrease meet ATPC max value and TX
decrease; G: Normal
ATPC Max Value
ATPC Min Value
Actual RX Value
Actual TX Value
A B C D E F G
ATX & RX normal; B: RX decrease cause by some reason; C: TX increase when RSL rech -
2dBm of the central value; D: the influence continue increase,but TX meet the MAX value,so
RX decrease;E:The influence steady TX&RX keep the value; F: the influence decrease; G: the
influence continue decrease to meet the the +2dBm of the central value,TX decrease; H:
Normal
MAX TX Value
MIN TX Value
2dBm
2dBm
H
ATPC Max Value
ATPC Min Value
Actual RX Value
Actual TX Value
MAX TX Value
MIN TX Value
2dBm
2dBm
Min = 15 dB
Y
X
CF
CF = (X + Y)/2 = (X+ X+L)/2 = X + L/2
L
Step increase at TX power at the
Transmitter is taking an earlier action to
adjust the Link RX Level near to
designed CF value within bias of -2dB
Step decrease at TX power at the
Transmitter is taking an earlier action to
adjust the Link RX Level near to
designed CF value within bias of +2dB
Setting the configuration for ATPC :-

1- First old scenario concerning the Setting of two or three parameters for the transmitter and one parameter for
the receiver
1- [ ATPC MAX ] = 0 , which is the maximum TX power of the transmitter at attenuation = 0 dB
2- [ ATPC MIN ] = 0 , which is the minimum TX power of the transmitter at attenuation = [-1 ~ -10] dB
1 and 2 is called ATPC control range.
3- at Receiver is the setting of RX _ threshold which is the triggering condition for the control of ATPC.

2- Second scenario which is used here with OPTIX900
Automatic ATPC Threshold Setting
The functions of the automatic ATPC threshold setting are described as follows:
> When the automatic ATPC threshold setting is enabled, the ATPC lower threshold and the ATPC upper threshold that are manually
set do not take effect. The equipment uses the preset ATPC lower threshold and ATPC upper threshold according to the IF work
mode.
> When the automatic ATPC threshold setting is disabled, the ATPC lower threshold and the ATPC upper threshold that are manually
set are used.
SNCP
The SNCP, which requires one working subnetwork and one protection subnetwork, selects one service from the dually
transmitted services. In this manner, the SNCP protects the services that are transmitted across subnetworks. The SNCP is
applicable to the ring, tangent rings, intersecting rings, ring with a chain, or mesh network.
> The OptiX RTN 950 supports a maximum of 12 higher order SNCP groups and a maximum of 756 lower order SNCP groups.
> The SDH/PDH microwave, Hybrid microwave, and STM-1 optical transmission link all support the SNCP.
SNCP Service Pair
An SNCP service pair is a basic unit of SNCP. It consists of a working source, a protection source, and a
service sink.
The working source and the protection source can be optical lines or radio links. The working source and the
protection source can be of different types. The service sink can be any line, tributary, or IF.

Hold-Off Time
The SNCP protects services, whereas the 1+1 protection, N+1 protection and linear MSP protect links. Hence, when the
SNCP is configured on a link that is already configured with the link level protection, the hold-off time needs to be set to
enable the link-level protection switching to first occur. Hence, the SNCP switching does not occur repeatedly due to the
protection switching that occurs on the link.

Coexisting 1+1 SD and SNCP

SD
1- When configuring SNCP with the 1+1 FD/SD protection, N+1
protection, and linear MSP. The hold-off time must be
longer than the switching time of the protection scheme that
works with the SNCP (generally, it is set to 200 ms).

2- When the SNCP works with the 1+1 HSB, it is recommended
that you do not set the holdoff time. The reasons are that the 1+1
HSB switching time is far longer than the SNCP switching time
and therefore setting the hold-off time increases the service
interruption duration.
Switching Conditions
1- Clear switching (external switching)
2- Lockout of protection channel (external switching)
3- Forced switching (external switching)
4- Signal failure
Automatic
Switching
External
Switching
Signal failure
Manual command
Signal failure [(VC-4 services) ]
Default (R_LOS, R_LOF, R_LOC , MS_AIS , B2_EXC , AU_LOP , AU_AIS , HP_LOM )
MW_LOF , MW_LIM (when the IF board functions as the working source or protection source)
Optional (B3_EXC , B3_SD , HP_TIM,HP_UNEQ)
[VC-3/VC-12 services ]
Default (hardware fault , R_LOS, R_LOF, R_LOC , TU_AIS , TU_LOP )
MW_LOF , MW_LIM (when the IF board functions as the working source or protection source)
Optional (BIP_EXC , BIP_SD , LP_TIM ,LP_UNEQ)
[E1 in Hybrid microwave frame]
Default [ E1-AIS , R_LOF , R_LOC , Hardware fault , MW_LOF , MW_LIM , MW_BER_EXC]
5- Manual switching (external switching)
6- Revertive switching (valid only in revertive mode)
Note \\ In the case of the revertive SNCP, if the services are currently on the protection trail, the services cannot
be switched to the working trail when you perform the forced switching or manual switching.
Availability
Linear Multiplex Section Protection
The linear MSP is applicable to a point-to-point network. The linear MSP is classified into the 1+1 linear MSP and 1:N linear MSP.
1+1 Linear MSP
The OptiX RTN 950 supports a maximum of six 1+1 linear MSP groups.
The 1+1 linear MSP requires one working channel and one protection channel. When the working channel becomes
unavailable, services are switched to the protection channel for transmission.
1:N Linear MSP
The OptiX RTN 950 supports a maximum of six 1:N (N11) linear MSP groups.
The 1:N linear MSP requires N working channel(s) and one protection channel. Normal services are transmitted on the working
channel, and extra services are transmitted on the protection channel. When a working channel becomes unavailable, the services
on this channel are switched to the protection channel for transmission. As a result, the extra services that are previously
transmitted on the protection channel are interrupted.
With regard to the protection mechanism, the linear MSP is classified into the dedicated protection and the shared protection.
> Dedicated protection
In the case of the dedicated protection, one working channel exclusively uses one protection channel. The dedicated protection
channel cannot carry extra services. The 1+1 protection is the dedicated protection.
> Shared protection
In the case of the shared protection, one or more working channels share one protection channel. The shared protection channel
can carry extra services. The 1:N (including the 1:1) protection is the shared protection.

With regard to the switching mode, the linear MSP is classified into the single-ended switching and the dual-ended switching.
> Single-ended switching
In single-ended switching mode, the switching occurs only at one end and the state of the other end remains unchanged.
> Dual-ended switching
In dual-ended switching mode, the switching occurs at both ends at the same time.

With regard to the revertive mode, the linear MSP is classified into the revertive mode and the non-revertive mode.

Hence, the linear MSP is classified into the following modes: [ last three modes not supported by Optix-950
l 1+1 dual-ended revertive mode
l 1+1 dual-ended non-revertive mode
l 1+1 single-ended revertive mode
l 1+1 single-ended non-revertive mode
l 1:N dual-ended revertive mode
l 1:N dual-ended non-revertive mode
l 1:N single-ended revertive mode
l 1:N single-ended non-revertive mode
Thank you
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