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First Presentation of Research

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Goals and scope of this presentation
To share my research topic with you
Zero step of the research
Practice for final presentation



dont worry its has no worth regarding to exam


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Outline of this presentation
History of cognitive radio
Evolution of cognitive radio ( SDR)
Basic concept of adaptive and cognitive radio
Primary objective
Tasks of a Human Mind
The Motivation behind Cognitive Radio
Cognitive Radio Networks
Major Functional Blocks Constituting a Cognitive Radio
Architecture of a cognitive radio
Comparison with non-cognitive
Standard
Future
Issues
Concluding Remarks


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History of cognitive radio
Joe Mitola of Mitre Corporation and Wayne Bonser of
Air Force Research Labs were the visionaries
It is feasible for a radio to become aware of its user,
aware of its network (choices and features), and aware
of its spectral environment.
In fact, it could then be adaptive, and ultimately could
have the software to learn various adaptations to its
current environment that are desirable support to the
user, network, operators, spectrum owners, and
regulators.
Dr. Mitola introduced the terms adaptive, and ideal
Cognitive Radio (iCR) to reflect the different levels of
cognitive capability.

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Evolution of cognitive radio
We refer to a transceiver as a software radio (SR) if its
communication functions are realized as programs
running on a suitable processor. Based on the same
hardware, different transmitter/receiver algorithms, which
usually describe transmission standards, are
implemented in software. An SR transceiver comprises
all the layers of a communication system.
According to its operational area an SDR can be:
(i) a multi-band system which is supporting more than
one frequency band used by a wireless standard (e.g.,
GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900),
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Evolution of cognitive radio (contd)
(ii) a multi-standard system that is supporting more than
one standard. Multi-standard systems can work within
one standard family (e.g., UTRA-FDD, UTRA-TDD for
UMTS) or across different networks (e.g., DECT, GSM,
UMTS,WLAN),
(iii) a multi-service system which provides different services
(e.g., telephony, data, video streaming)
(iv) a multi-channel system that supports two or more
independent transmission and reception channels at the
same time.

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Basic concept of adaptive and cognitive radio
the cognitive meaning which is related to thinking, reasoning and
remembering
is a smart radio that has the ability to sense the external
environment, learn from the history, and make intelligent decisions
to adjust its transmission parameters according to the current state
of the environment.
An essential part of the cognitive process is the capability to learn
from past decisions and use this learning to influence future
behavior.
It is important to remark that a CR is not what in the literature is
called adaptative radio. A CR can not only adapt to the best
spectrum settings but also store past data, learn, and positively
evolve. Indeed, adaptation is a subset of CR characteristics, and an
adaptative radio is not necessarily cognitive at all.
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Cognitive Radio Concept
Cognitive radio is an emerging concept in wireless access, aimed at
improving the way radio spectrum is utilized.
The principle of cognitive radio is temporal, spatial and geographic
re-use of licensed spectrum.
The idea is that an unlicensed (secondary) user shall be permitted to
use licensed spectrum, provided that it transmits with low enough
power and that it is so far from any primary users that it does not
interfere with.
Cognitive radios should be able to exploit spectrum holes by detecting
them and using them in an opportunistic manner.
Cognitive radios could be permitted to transmit if they cannot ``hear''
any primary transmission: transmit-if-you-cannot-hear-primary'
paradigm Spectrum Etiquette (Listen before talk) is used.
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Types of cognitive radio
Depending on the set of parameters such as transmission and
reception changes, and for historical reasons, cognitive radio can
have two types:
Full Cognitive Radio ("Mitola radio"): in which every possible
parameter observable by a wireless node or network is taken into
account.
Spectrum Sensing Cognitive Radio: in which only the RF
spectrum is considered.
Also, depending on the parts of the spectrum available for cognitive
radio,
Licensed Band Cognitive Radio: in which cognitive radio is
capable of using bands assigned to licensed users. The IEEE
802.22 working group is developing a standard for wireless
regional area network (WRAN) which will operate in unused
television channels.
Unlicensed Band Cognitive Radio: which can only utilize
unlicensed radio frequency spectrum , such as UNII band or
ISM band.
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Main functions

The main functions of Cognitive Radios are:
Spectrum Sensing: detecting the unused spectrum and sharing it
without harmful interference with other users.Spectrum sensing
techniques can be classified into three categories:
Transmitter detection: cognitive radios must have the capability to
determine if a signal from a primary transmitter is locally present
in a certain spectrum. There are several approaches proposed:
matched filter detection
energy detection
Cyclostationary feature detection
Cooperative detection: refers to spectrum sensing methods
where information from multiple Cognitive radio users are
incorporated for primary user detection.
Interference based detection.
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Main functions
Spectrum Management: Cognitive radios should decide on the
best spectrum band to meet the Quality of service requirements over
all available spectrum bands, therefore spectrum management
functions are required for Cognitive radios. These management
functions can be classified as:
spectrum analysis
spectrum decision
Spectrum Mobility: when a cognitive radio user exchanges its
frequency of operation. Cognitive radio networks target to use the
spectrum in a dynamic manner by allowing the radio terminals to
operate in the best available frequency band, maintaining seamless
communication requirements during the transition to better
spectrum.
Spectrum Sharing: providing the fair spectrum scheduling method.
One of the major challenges in open spectrum usage is the
spectrum sharing. It can be regarded to be similar to generic media
access control MAC problems in existing systems
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Primary objectives of Cognitive Radio
Networks

1. To facilitate efficient utilization of the radio spectrum
in a fair-minded way.


2. To provide highly reliable communication for all
users of the network.
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Tasks of a Human Mind
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Tasks of a Human Mind
to perceive the world;
to learn, to remember, and to control actions;
to think and create new ideas;
to control communication with others;
to create the experience of feelings, intentions,
and self-awareness.

Johnson-Laird, a prominent psychologist and
linguist, went on to argue that

THEORIES OF THE MIND SHOULD BE MODELLED IN
COMPUTATIONAL TERMS.
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Motivation Behind Cognitive Radio
Significant underutilization of the radio spectrum
Basically Cognitive Radio solves the spectrum
underutilization problem in a tightly inter-coupled
pair of ways:

(i) Sense the radio environment to detect spectrum
holes in terms of both time and location.

(ii) Control employment of the spectrum holes by
secondary users efficiently, subject to the
constraint:
The total power in each spectrum hole does not
exceed a prescribed limit.
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Continue.
The overall goal of any technology is to meet some
needs in best way and possible for the least cost
a cognitive network should provide, over an
extended period of time, better end-to-end facilities
such as resource management, Quality of Service
(QoS), security, access control, or throughput.
Cognitive network costs are measured in terms of
communications and processing overhead,
architecture roll-out and maintenance expenses,
and operational complexity.
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Continue.
Spectrum is the lifeblood of communication systems.
The telecommunications industry is now a 1 Trillion dollars
per year industry and the wireless part is growing very
rapidly, while the wired telecommunication services are
experiencing a relatively flat business.
in many rural areas, a single broadcast TV source may be
nearly 100 miles away and there is little or no local TV
service there are significant opportunities to provide
internet and telecommunication services using this under-
utilized spectrum.
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Cognitive Radio Networks
is a network made up of CRs
by extending the radio link
features to network layer
function and above. By means
of CRs cooperation, the
network is able to sense its
environment, learn from the
history, and accordingly decide
the best spectrum settings
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A Simple Example
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Major Functional Blocks of Cognitive Radio
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Simple scenario
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Architecture of a cognitive radio.
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The cognitive network framework
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User/Application/Resource Requirements
The top-level component of the cognitive
network framework includes the:
end-to-end goals, Cognitive Specification
Language (CSL) and cognitive element
goals.
Without end-to-end goals guiding network
behavior, undesired consequences may
arise.
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2-cognitive process
The cognitive process consists of three
cognitive elements that distribute the
operation of the cognitive process both
functionally and spatially:
Power Control- adjusts the PHY transmission power
Direction Control- adjusts the MAC spatial operation
Routing Control- adjusts the network layers routing functionality
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3-Software Adaptable Network
The SAN consists of the Application Programming Interface
(API), modifiable network elements, and network status
sensors.
Another responsibility of the SAN is to notify the cognitive
process of the status of the network (to what level and
detail is a function of the filtering and abstraction being
applied).
Possible observations may be local, such as bit error rate,
battery life or data rate, non-local, such as end-to-end delay
and clique size, or compilations of different
local observations.
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Logical diagram contrasting traditional radio,
software radio, and cognitive radio
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Cognitive radio (CR) versus intelligent antenna (IA)

Point
Cognitive radio (CR) Intelligent antenna (IA)
Principal goal Open Spectrum Sharing Ambient Spatial Reuse
Interference
processing
Avoidance by spectrum
sensing
Cancellation by spatial pre/post-
coding
Key cost
Spectrum sensing and multi-
band RF
Multiple or cooperative antenna
arrays
Challenging
algorithm
Spectrum management tech
Intelligent spatial
beamforming/coding tech
Applied
techniques
Cognitive Software Radio
Generalized Dirty-Paper and Wyner-
Ziv coding
Basement
approach
Orthogonal modulation Cellular based smaller cell
Competitive
technology
Ultra wideband for the higher
band utilization
Multi-sectoring (3, 6, 9, so on) for
higher spatial reuse
Summary
Cognitive spectrum sharing
technology
Intelligent spectrum reuse
technology
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Standard
Two main accepted characteristics

Cognitive capability, which refers
to sense the information from its
radio environment and identify the
best and more appropriate
spectrum and operating
parameters and

Reconfigurability that enables the
radio components to be
dynamically programmed
according to cognitive decisions.
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Future ?
Intelligent systems.
Higher computational capability.
More flexibility.
Harvesting more and more radio spectrum
(reusing them temporally and spatially).
Digital dividend.
More standards to come.
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Open issues
Regulatory
Test Procedures
Protocols
Interoperability
Coexistence and cooperation
Medium Access Control
Security
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Concluding Remarks
The Study of Cognitive Radio Systems will be one of
the most influential scientific endeavors in the 21st
century:

Computer Thinking will be the Driving Force

Cognitive Radio is already being considered as the
candidate for the 5th Generation of Wireless
communications.
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Thank you!!!!