Neraca energi

Basic Principles

Mass and energy balance
Types of Energy
to write an energy balance, we need to know what
kinds of energy can enter or leave a system
1. A system could gain or lose kinetic energy, if
we're analyzing a moving system.
2. Again, if the system is moving, there could be
potential energy changes.
3. Heat could enter the system via conduction,
convection, or radiation.
4. Work (either expansion work or shaft work)
could be done on, or by, the system.
5. energi listrik

expressions for the different types of energy:
From physics, recall that . If the system itself is not
moving, this is zero.

The gravitational potential energy of a system is GPE = mgh
where g is the gravitational constant and h is the height of the
center of mass of the system. If the system does not change
height, there is no change in GPE.

The heat entering the system is denoted by Q, regardless of the
mechanism by which it enters (the means of calculating this will
be discussed in a course on transport phenomenon). According to
this book's conventions, heat entering a system is positive and
heat leaving a system is negative, because the system in effect
gains energy when heat enters.

The work done by or on the system is denoted by W. Work done
BY a system is negative because the system has to "give up"
energy to do work on its surroundings. For example, if a system
expands, it loses energy to account for that expansion.
Conversely, work done ON a system is positve.

Law of Conservation of Energy

E
in
E
out
= E
accumulated

Accumulation of anything is 0 at steady state, and energy is no
exception
Total energy carried in the flow itself is:



When a mass stream flows into a system it expands or contracts
and therefore performs work on the system. An expression for work
due to this expansion is:
Since this work is done on the system, it enters the energy balance as
a positive quantity




Definition of enthalpy

H = U + PV
In stream i, if only KE, GPE, internal energy, and expansion
work are considered, the energy carried by mass flow is:


Overall steady - state energy balance
Steady State Energy Balance on an Open System



Some important points:
1. If the system is closed AND at steady state that means the total heat flow
must equal the total work done in magnitude, and be opposite in sign.
However, according to another law of thermodynamics, the second law, it is
impossible to change ALL of the heat flow into work, even in the most ideal
case.
2. In an adiabatic system with no work done, the total amount of energy carried
by mass flows is equal between those flowing in and those flowing out.
However, that DOES NOT imply that the temperature remains the same, as
we will see in a later section. Some substances have a greater capacity to
hold heat than others, hence the term heat capacity.
3. If the conditions inside the system change over time, then we CANNOT use
this form of the energy balance. The next section has information on what to
do in the case that the energetics of the system change.
NP total pada sistem alir ( flow system) pada
keadaan steady state :

Persamaan di atas sering dipakai untuk kasus transportasi fluida,
Yaitu persamaan Bernoulli.

Neraca Energi untuk proses kimia ( non flow
system ).

Sistem non alir dianggap terjadi di dalam alat-alat proses, misal alat
penukar panas (HE =heat exchanger), reaktor, dan alat-alat transfer
massa lainnya.
Pada sistem ini, biasanya EP dan EK <<< Q dan W, sehingga EP dan
EK dapat diabaikan dan NP menjadi :





Untuk beberapa proses, biasanya nilai W sangat kecil. Sehingga :
H
2
H
1
= Q = H
Dengan, H
1
= entalpi arus masuk (titik satu),
H
2
= entalpi arus keluar (titik dua).


Neraca Panas di Reaktor

jika di reaktor reaksi tidak dijalankan pada kondisi standar,
maka dipikirkan:

1. suhu umpan (TF) diturunkan atau dinaikkan sampai
suhu standar,kemudian
2. direaksikan pada kondisi standar (TR), lalu
3. suhu produk dinaikkan suhunya sampai suhu keluar
reaktor (TP).


Tampak bahwa untuk menyelesaikan neraca panas pada proses kimia perlu
diselesaikan terlebih dahulu neraca massanya.

NERACA PANAS DENGAN REAKSI KIMIA

1. Suatu konverter digunakan untuk mengoksidasi SO
2
menjadi SO
3
.
Oksigen disuplai dari udara. Dianggap berisi 21% mol O
2
dan 79% mol N
2
.
Jika digunakan udara berlebihan 25% dan diinginkan SO
3
yang terbentuk
adalah 180 mol/jam. Tentukan kebutuhan SO
2
dan udara umpan jika
konversi hanya 80%. Jika suhu SO
2
umpan adalah 40
o
C, suhu udara
umpan 30
o
C dan suhu gas keluar konverter adalah 60
o
C, berapa panas
yang dihasilkan konverter itu.

2. Gas metan dibakar dengan oksigen. Seratus lima puluh kgmol/jam umpan
terdiri atas 20% metan, 60% O
2
dan 20% CO
2
diumpankan ke reaktor.
Konversi limiting reactant = 90%. Jika suhu gas umpan 50
o
C dan suhu gas
keluar dari ruang pembakaran 190
o
C, tentukan panas yang dibutuhkan/
dihasilkan dari ruang pembakaran itu.

3. Gas metan dibakar dengan oksigen. Seratus lima puluh kgmol/jam umpan
terdiri atas 20% metan, 60% O
2
dan 20% CO
2
diumpankan ke furnace.
Hasil analisis gas hasil furnace menunjukkan gas hasil berisi gas metan
1,5 kgmol/jam. Jika suhu gas umpan 27
o
C dan suhu gas keluar dari ruang
pembakaran 327
o
C, tentukan panas yang dibutuhkan/dihasilkan dari ruang
pembakaran itu.
4. Reaktor digunakan untuk mengoksidasi SO
2
menjadi SO
3
. Umpan terdiri atas 12%
SO
2
, 8% O
2
, dan 80% N
2
dengan suhu umpan 427
o
C. Jika konversi SO
2
adalah 50%,
dan gas hasil keluar reaktor pada suhu 527
o
C serta 100 mol/jam gas diumpankan.
Tentukan :
a. komposisi gas hasil reaktor.
b. Panas reaksi yang dihasilkan/dibutuhkan reaktor itu.

5. Reaksi amonia dijalankan pada reaktor fase gas, reaksi :
4NH
3
+ 5O
2
-------- 4NO + 6H
2
O
Oksigen disuplai dari udara yang diumpankan ke reaktor dengan 25% berlebihan. Jika
diumpankan 100 gmol/jam NH
3
dengan suhu 30
o
C dan udara pada suhu 40
o
C. Gas
hasil keluar reaktor pada suhu 50
o
C.
a . Berapa udara umpan?
b . Jika konversi hanya 80%, tentukan komposisi gas hasil!
c .Tentukan panas reaksi reaktor itu!
d . Eksotermis atau endotermiskah reaktor itu?

6. Suatu ketel digunakan untuk membuat uap air. Panas yang digunakan adalah panas
pembakaran gas metan. Gas metan bertekanan 1 atm, suhu 473
o
C dan berkecepatan
38.786 L/j diumpankan ke furnace, sedangkan suhu udara yang diumpankan 373
o
C.
Agar terjadi pembakaran sempurna, udara yang diumpankan 50% berlebihan. Gas
hasil pembakaran keluar furnace pada suhu 1473
o
K. Tentukan :
a. Kecepatan arus udara umpan.
b. Kecepatan dan komposisi gas hasil furnace.
c. Panas yang dihasilkan.



Latent heat
the amount of energy released or
absorbed by a chemical substance during
a change of state that occurs without
changing its temperature, meaning a
phase transition such as the melting of ice
or the boiling of water
Two of the more common forms of latent
heat (or enthalpies or energies)
encountered are latent heat of fusion
(melting) and latent heat of vaporization
(boiling).
Specific latent heat
specific latent heat of fusion the amount
of energy required to convert 1 kg (or 1 lb) of a
substance from solid to liquid (or vice-versa)
without a change in the temperature of the
surroundings

specific latent heat of vaporization the
amount of energy required to convert 1 kg (or 1
lb) of a substance from liquid to gas (or vice-
versa) without a change in the external
temperature
Enthalpy of Moist and Humid Air
The enthalpy of moist and humid air consist of sensible
heat and latent heat - enthalpy is used to calculate
cooling and heating processes
Moist air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor. In
atmospheric air, water vapor content varies from 0 to 3%
by mass. The enthalpy of moist and humid air includes
the :
enthalpy of the dry air - the sensible heat - and
the enthalpy of the evaporated water - the latent heat

Specific enthalpy - h - (J/kg, Btu/lb) of moist air is defined
as the total enthalpy (J, Btu) of the dry air and the water
vapor mixture - per unit mass (kg, lb) of moist air
Specific Enthalpy of Moist Air
H = h
a
+ x h
w
(1)
where
H = specific enthalpy of moist air (kJ/kg, Btu/lb)
h
a
= specific enthalpy of dry air (kJ/kg, Btu/lb)
x = humidity ratio (kg/kg, lb/lb)
h
w
= specific enthalpy of water vapor (kJ/kg,
Btu/lb)

Specific Enthalpy of Dry Air - Sensible Heat
Assuming constant pressure conditions the
specific enthalpy of dry air can be expressed as:
h
a
= c
pa
t (2)
where
c
pa
= specific heat capacity of air at constant
pressure (kJ/kg
o
C, kWs/kgK, Btu/lb
o
F)
t = air temperature (
o
C,
o
F)
For air temperature between -100
o
C (-150
o
F)
and 100
o
C (212
o
F) the specific heat capacity
can be set to
c
pa
= 1.006 (kJ/kg
o
C)
= 0.240 (Btu/lb
o
F)
Specific Enthalpy of Water Vapor - Latent Heat
Assuming constant pressure conditions
the specific enthalpy of water vapor can be
expressed as:
h
w
= c
pw
t + h
we
(3)
where
c
pw
= specific heat capacity of water vapor
at constant pressure (kJ/kg
o
C, kWs/kgK)
t = water vapor temperature (
o
C)
h
we
= evaporation heat of water at 0
o
C
(kJ/kg)
For water vapor the specific heat capacity can be
set to
c
pw
= 1.84 (kJ/kg
o
C)
= 0.444 (Btu/lb
o
F)
The evaporation heat (water at 0
o
C) can be set to
h
we
= 2501 kJ/kg)
= 970 (Btu/lb)
Using (2) and (3), (1) can be modified to

H = c
pa
t + x [c
pw
t + h
we
] (1b)
(1b) in metric units


H = (1.006 kJ/kg
o
C) t + x [(1.84 kJ/kg
o
C) t +
(2501 kJ/kg)] (1c)
where
H = enthalpy (kJ/kg)
x = mass of water vapor (kg/kg)
t = temperature (
o
C)
(1b) in Imperial units

h = (0.240 Btu/lb
o
F) t + x [(0.444 Btu/lb
o
F) t +
(970 Btu/lb)] (1d)
where
h = enthalpy (Btu/lb)
x = mass of water vapor (lb/lb)
t = temperature (
o
F)
Example - Enthalpy in Moist Air
The enthalpy of humid air at 25
o
C with specific
moisture content x = 0.0203 kg/kg (saturation),
can be calculated as:
h = (1.006 kJ/kg
o
C) (25
o
C) + (0.0203 kg/kg)
[(1.84 kJ/kg
o
C) (25
o
C) + (2501 kJ/kg)]
= (25.15 kJ/kg) + (0.93 kJ/kg) + (51.70 kJ/kg)
= 77.8 (kJ/kg)
Note! The latent heat due to evaporation of
water is the major part of the enthalpy. The
sensible heat due to heating evaporated water
vapor can be almost neglected.