9/10/2946c - 1

Measuring Units
9/10/2946c - 2
The Decibel
dB = log10(Po/Pi)
Po: Output power
Pi: Input power
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The Decibel
20
2
1
2
1
log 10 log
R
R
I
I
+
=
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
log 10 log 10
R I
R I
P
P
=
For P
1
, P
2
representing the disipated power by
I
1
and I
2
into R
1
y R
2
, then follows:

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Why do we need the decibel?
Level of the signal received from the satellite
0.0000000000000000087 watts
Therefore is easier to write -200.6 dBW
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10
9
V
I
D
E
O

O
U
T
d
B
W
Down
converter
and IF
amplifier
Low-noise
amplifier gain
Earth station
receive antenna
directional gain
Satellite
receive antenna
directional
power gain
Signal at
satellite
Satellite
receiver
gain
Satellite
TWTA
power
gain
Space-to-
earth path
losses
Satellite transmit
antenna power gain
e.i.r.p.
Output
MUX and
waveguide
losses
e.i.r.p.
Earth-to-
satellite
path losses
Up
converter
Driver
High-power
amplifier
Waveguide
losses
Earth station
transmit antenna
directional power gain
(1 GW)
(1 MW)
(1 kW)
(1 W)
(1W)
(1 nW)
(1 pW)
Transmitting
earth station
Satellite Receiving
earth station
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)
V
I
D
E
O

I
N
10
8
10
7
10
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-8
10
-9
10
-10
10
-11
10
-12
10
-13
10
-14
10
-15
10
-16
10
-17
10
-18
-100
-110
-120
-130
-140
-150
-160
-170
-180
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
Power Budget
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Power Budget
Transmisor
Receptor
Trans. Lnea
Antena
Antena
Trans. Lnea
* 20 W Tx output power
* x 0.50 ., line atennuation
= 10 W antenna
* x20 antenna Gain
=200 w ERP
* x 0.000,000,000,000,000,1585
Propagation loss
=0.000,000,000,000,031,7
Received signal power
* x 20 antenna Gain
=0.000,000,000,000,634 W

* x0.50 ., line atennuation
= 0.000,000,000,000,317 W
Rx Input power

9/10/2946c - 7
Power Budget
Transmisor
Receptor
Trans. Lnea
Antena
Antena
Trans. Lnea
+ 43 dBm Tx output
- 3 dB line loss
= + 40 dBm antena input
+ 13 dB antenna Gain
= + 53 dBm ERP
-158 dB Propagation Loss
= -105 dBm received power
+ 13 dB antenna Gain
= - 92 dBm line power input
- 3 dB line loss
= - 95 dBm Rx input

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dB Practical Chart
DB
1,000,000,000 +90
100,000,000 +80
10,000,000 +70
1,000,000 +60
100,000 +50
10,000 +40
1,000 +30
100 +20
10 +10
4 + 6
2 + 3
1 0
0.5 - 3
0.25 - 6
0.1 - 10
0.01 - 20
0.001 - 30
0.0001 - 40
0.00001 - 50
0.000001 - 60
0.0000001 - 70
0.00000001 - 80
0.000000001 - 90
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dBm, dBW, dBV
Any energy level can be expressed in decibels using a
reference value
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dBK, dBi, dBHz
dBK
dBi
dBHz
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dBr, dBmO, dBc
Relative levels are referenced to a pre-defined level
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Questions
If transmitted power equals 1000W, what is it in dBW?
If path loss in space equals 1 x 10
-19
, what is it in dB?
What is the difference between dBi and dBK?
What is the relation between dBi and dBd?