Battery electric

cars
The beginning of a new era
 History
1. Between 1832 and 1839 Scottish businessman
Robert Anderson invented the first crude electric
carriage.
2. The improvement of the storage battery, by
Frenchmen Gaston Plante in 1865 and Camille
Faure in 1881, paved the way for electric vehicles
to flourish.
3.BEVs, produced in the USA by
AnthonyElectric,Baker,Detroit,Edison,Studebae
r,and others during the early 20th Century for a
time out-sold gasoline-powered vehicles.The
top speed of these early electric vehicles was
limited to about 32 km/h (20 mph).Electrics did
not require hand-cranking to start.
4. The introduction of the electric starter by Cadillac in 1913
simplified the task of starting the internal combustion
engine, formerly difficult and sometimes dangerous. This
innovation contributed to the downfall of the electric vehicle.
5. The 1947 invention of the point-contact transistor marked the
beginning of a new era for BEV technology.Within a decade,
Henney Coachworks had joined forces with National Union
Electric Company to produce the first modern electric car
based on transistor technology.
Comparision to internal
combustible vehicle
1. While it is a dream of ICEVs
to reach 75 or 100 mpg
(3L/100 km), electric vehicles
naturally reach the equivalent
of 200 mpg (1.5 L/100km)
with their typical cost of two
to four cents per mile.
2. The total cost of ownership
Tzero an older for modern BEVs depends
model electric primarily on the batteries that
vehicle on a drag is less than ICEVs when
race with a Dodge compared to refuelling cost.
Viper left behind
 3.Ownership costs for BEVsare higher than
ICEVequivalents, primarily because their
purchase price is higher to begin with.
4. Fuel costs are very low due to the competitive
price of electricity - fuel duty is zero-rated
- and to the high efficiency of the vehicles
themselves. Taking into account the high
fuel economy of BEVs, the fuel costs can
be as low as 1.0-2.5p per mile (depending
on the tariff).

Dynasty EV 4(a
Canadian BEV)
Energy efficiency and
carbon dioxide
emissions Production and conversion BEVs typically use
0.17 to 0.37 kilowatt-hours per mile (0.1–
0.23 kWh/km).Nearly half of this power
consumption is due to inefficiencies in
charging the batteries.Tesla Motors
indicates that the well to wheels power
consumption of their li-ion powered
vehicle is 0.215 kwh per mile. The US
fleet average of 23 miles per gallon of
gasoline is equivalent to 1.58 kWh per
mile and the 70 MPG Honda Insight uses
0.52 kWh per mile,so hybrid electric
vehicles are relatively energy efficient and
battery electric vehicles are much more
energy efficient.

Sources of electricity
in the U.S. 2005
Generating electricity and providing liquid fuels for vehicles are
different categories of the energy economy, with different inefficiencies
and environmental harms. A 55 % to 99.9 % improvement in CO2
emissions takes place when driving an EV over an ICE (gasoline, diesel)
vehicle depending on the source of electricity.Comparing CO2 emissions
can be done by using the US national average of 1.28 lbs CO2/kWh for
electricity generation, giving a range for BEVs from zero up to 0.2 to
0.5 lbs CO2/mi (0.06 kg/km to 0.13 kg/km). Since 1 gal of gasoline
produces 19 lbs CO2 the average US fleet produces 0.83 lbs/mi
(0.23 kg/km) and the Insight 0.27 lbs/mi (0.08 kg/km).CO2 and other
greenhouse gases emissions do not exist for BEVs powered from
sustainable electricity sources (e.g. solar energy), but are constant per
gallon (or litre) for gasoline vehicles
 Table showing Carbon
emmisions
MODEL Carbon emissions Carbon emissions
for conventional for
elec. production Renewable elec.
production
Toyota RAV4-EV (BEV) 3.8 3.1
Toyota RAV4 2wd (ICE) 7.2 7.2
Nissan Altra EV(BEV) 3.5 0.0
 HYBRID VEHICLES

MODEL Carbon emissions Carbon emissions

for conventional for
elec. production Renewable elec.
production
2001 Honda Insight 3.1 3.1

2005 Toyota Prius 3.5 3.5

2005 Ford Escape H 2x 5.8 5.8

2005 Ford Escape H 4x 6.2 6.2

 Maintenance and
performance
1.
2.
Venturi Fetish - a limited
production electric car
capable of reaching 0 to100
km/hr in 4.5 seconds
Maintenance
EVs, particularly those using
AC or brushless DC motors,
have far fewer mechanical parts
to wear out. An ICEV on the
other hand will have pistons,
valves, camshafts, cambelts,
gearbox and a clutch, all of
which can wear out.
Both hybrids and EV's use
regenerative braking, which
greatly reduces wear and tear
on friction brakes
 Performance
1. Although some electric vehicles
have very small motors, 20 hp or
less and therefore have modest
acceleration, the relatively
constant torque of an electric
motor even at very low speeds
tends to increase the acceleration
performance of an electric
vehicle for the same ratedmotor
power.

Eliica prototype
2. Electric vehicles can also utilize a direct motor-to-wheel configuration which increases the
amount of available power. Having multiple motors connected directly to the wheels
allows for each of the wheels to be used for both propulsion and as braking systems,
thereby increasing traction. In some cases, the motor can be housed directly in the wheel,
such as in the Whispering Wheel design, which lowers the vehicle's center of gravity and
reduces the number of moving parts.
3. When not fitted with an axle, differential, or transmission, electric vehicles have less drivetrain
rotational inertia.
4. A gearless or single gear design in some BEVs eliminates the need for gear shifting, giving
such vehicles both smoother acceleration and smoother braking.
5. Because the torque of an electric motor is a function of current, not rotational speed, electric
vehicles have a high torque over a larger range of speeds during acceleration, as compared
to an internal combustion engine.
So it can be truly said these are high perforfance BEVs that can give ICEVs(supercars) run for
their money.
 Charging
1. Batteries in BEVs must be periodically recharged . BEVs most commonly charge from
the power grid(at home or using a street or shop recharging point).Home power such as
roof top photovoltaic solar cell panels, microhydro or wind may also be used .
2. Charging time is limited primarily by the capacity of the grid connection. Even if the
supply power can be increased, most batteries do not accept charge at greater than their
charge rate ("C1".).
3. In 1995, some charging stations charged BEVs in one hour. In November 1997, Ford
purchased a fast-charge system produced by AeroVironment called "PosiCharge" which
charged their lead-acid batteries in between six and fifteen minutes. In February 1998,
General Motors announced a version of its "Magne Charge" system which could recharge
NiMH batteries in about ten minutes, providing a range of sixty to one hundred miles.
4. In 2005, handheld device battery designs by Toshiba were claimed to be able to accept an
80% charge in as little as 60 seconds.
5. In 2007, Altairnano's NanoSafe batteries are rechargeable in a few minutes, versus hours
required for other rechargeable batteries. A NanoSafe cell can be charged to over 80%
charge capacity in about one minute.
 Connectors
The charging power can be connected to
the car in two ways (electric coupling).
The first is a direct electrical connection
known as conductive coupling. This
might be as simple as a mains lead into
a weatherproof socket through special
high capacity cables with connectors to
protect the user from high voltages.The
second approach is known as inductive
coupling. A special 'paddle' is inserted
into a slot on the car. The paddle is one
winding of a transformer, while the
other is built into the car. When the
paddle is inserted it completes a
magnetic circuit which provides power
The General Motors EV1 to the battery pack.
had a range of 75 to
150 miles with NiMH
batteries in 1999.
 Batteries used
Rechargeable batteries used in
electric vehicles include lead-
acid ("flooded" and VRLA ),
NiCd, nickel metal hydride,
lithium ion, Li-ion polymer,
and, less commonly, zinc-air
and molten salt batteries. The
amount of electricity stored in
batteries is measured in kWh.

75 watt-hour/kilogram
lithium polymer battery
prototypes
 • Lead-acid batteries are the most available and
inexpensive. Such conversions generally have a
range of 30 to 80 km (20 to 50 miles). Production
EVs with lead-acid batteries are capable of up to
130 km (80 miles) per charge.
• NiMH batteries have higher energy density and may
deliver up to 200 km (120 miles) of range.
• New lithium-ion battery -equipped EVs provide
400-500 km (250-300 miles) of range per charge.[19]
Lithium is also less expensive than nickel.
• An alternative to recharging is to exchange drained
or nearly drained batteries (or battery range
extender modules) with fully charged batteries.

The Toyota RAV4 EV

was powered by
twenty-four 12 volt
batteries, with an
operational cost
equivalent
15 of over 165
miles per gallon at
 Safety
The safety issues of battery electric vehicles are largely dealt with by the
international standard ISO 6469. This document is divided in three
parts dealing with specific issues.
• On-board electrical energy storage, i.e. the battery.
2. Functional safety means and protection against failures.
3. Protection of persons against electrical hazards
While BEV accidents may present unusual problems, such as fires
and fumes resulting from rapid battery discharge, there is
apparently no available information regarding whether they are
inherently more or less dangerous than gasoline or diesel internal
combustion vehicles which carry flammable fuels.
 Future of BEVs
The future of battery electric vehicles depends primarily upon the cost and availability of batteries with
high energy densities, power density, and long life, as all other aspects such as motors, motor
controllers, and chargers are fairly mature and cost-competitive with internal combustion engine
components. Li-ion, Li-poly and zinc-air batteries have demonstrated energy densities high enough
to deliver range and recharge times comparable to conventional vehicles.
Bolloré a French automative parts group developed a concept car the "Bluecar“ using Lithium metal
polymer batteries developed by a subsidiary Batscap. It had a range of 250 km and top speed of 125
km/h."Bluecar"The cathodes of early 2007 lithium-ion batteries are made from lithium-cobalt metal
oxide. This material is pricey, and can release oxygen if its cell is overcharged. If the cobalt is
replaced with iron phosphates, the cells will not burn or release oxygen under any charge. The price
premium for early 2007 hybrids is about US $5000, some $3000 of which is for their NiMH battery
packs. At early 2007 gasoline and electricity prices, that would break even after six to ten years of
operation. The hybrid premium could fall to $2000 in five years, with $1200 or more of that being
cost of lithium-ion batteries, providing a three-year payback
 Disadvantages of BEVs
• Electricity is produced using such methods as nuclear fission, with its attendant
regulatory and waste issues, or (more often) by burning coal, the latter producing about
0.97 kg of CO2 (2.1 pounds) per kilowatt-hour plus other pollutants and strip-mining
damages: electric vehicles are therefore not "zero emissions" in any real-world sense,
except at their point of use unless renewable energy(solar, wind, wave, tidal, geothermal,
or hydro power) is employed; Zero emission electrical sources such as solar panels must
still be manufactured, producing various pollutants.
• Limited driving range available between recharging (using certain battery technologies)
• Expensive batteries, which may cost US$2,000 (lead acid) to $20,000 (li-ion) to replace;
Poor cold weather performance of some kinds of batteries.
• Danger of electrocution and electromagnetic interference.
• Poor availability of public charging stations reduces practicality and may hinder initial
take-up. People who live in flats or houses without private parking may not have an
option to charge the vehicle at home
 Some BEV
vintage cars

Camille Jenatzy in
Thomas Edison and
electric car La Jamais
an electric car in
Contente, 1899
1913 (courtesy of
the National
Museum of American
History )