Introduction - SHAHJAHANABAD

In 1638, the Mughal emperor

Shah Jahan laid the foundations of
new capital, centered around Lal
Qila or Red Fort.
The site was situated on the
western bank of river Yamuna
where a natural projection formed
a triangle with the land and the
river.

Planning of Shahjahanabad
The city was planned according to hind
planning principles of shilpashastra
from vastushastra.
The site was placed on a high land as
in the shastra and was kamukha or
bow shaped, for this ensured its
prosperity.
The arm of the archer was Chandni
Chowk.
The string was Yamuna river.
The junction of the two main axes is
the most auspicious point in the whole
region and was therefore the red fort.
Lutyens Delhi or New Delhi-

After Britishers took over India officially, Sir Edwin
Lutyens were assigned the task to architect the new
colony of the empire.
He laid out the central administrative area of the city
and also designed the Parliament House and
bungalows of several Members of Parliament.
Herbert Baker designed the Viceroy's House on
Raisina Hill (now Rashtrapati Bhawan) and the India
Gate.
The area was later named after the main architect as
Lutyen's Delhi. Today, the entire spread is called
New Delhi, located just south-west of
Shahjahanabad..
During the Coronation Durbar in 1911, the formal
announcement was made to move the seat of
empire from Calcutta to Delhi. It took 20 years for
these designers to complete the buildings but since
then, this has been the Seat of then British Empire
and now the Republic of India.


Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official
residence of the President of India
and at present is the largest
residence of any Chief of the State
in the world.
Sir Edwin Lutyens
(29 March 1869 1
January 1944)
Sir Edwin Lutyens:

Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens was a British architect who
is known for imaginatively adapting traditional
architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He
designed many English country houses.
He has been referred to as "the greatest British
architect"and is known best for having an instrumental
role in designing and building a section of the metropolis
of Delhi, known as New Delhi, which would later on
serve as the seat of the Government of India.In
recognition of his contribution, New Delhi is also known
as "Lutyens' Delhi". In collaboration with Herbert Baker,
he was also the main architect of several monuments in
New Delhi such as the India Gate; he also designed the
Viceroy's House.



Sir Herbert Baker (9
June 1862 4
February 1946)
Sir Herbert Baker:

Sir Herbert Baker was a British architect.
Baker was the dominant force in South African
architecture for two decades, 18921912.
Among the many churches, schools and houses he
designed in South Africa are the Union Buildings
Pretoria, St John's College, Johannesburg, Wynberg Boys
School, Cape Town

In 1912 Baker went to India to work with Lutyens, and
went on to design the Secretariat Building, New Delhi
and Parliament House in New Delhi and the bungalows
of Members of Parliament. Baker designed the two
Secretariat buildings flanking the great axis leading to
what was then the Viceroy of India's Palace.




Urban Structure

The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen
with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British
power and supremacy. Much of New Delhi, was laid out to be
the central administrative area of the city as a testament to
Britain's imperial pretensions.
All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this
framework that dictated the choice and application of
symbology and influences from both Hindu, Buddhist and
Muslim architecture.
New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called
the Rajpath and the Janpath.
The Rajpath, or King's Way, stretches from the Rashtrapati
Bhavan to the India Gate which was built in memory of the
soldiers who died in World War 1.
The Janpath (Path of the People), formerly Queen's Way,
begins at Connaught Circus and cuts the Rajpath at right
angles.
Rajpath
Connaught Place
19 foreign embassies are located on the
nearby Shantipath (Path of Peace),
making it the largest diplomatic enclave in
India.
At the heart of the city is the magnificent
Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as
Viceroy's House) which sits atop Raisina
Hill.
The Secretariat, which houses various
ministries of the Government of India,
flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
The Parliament House, designed by
Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad
Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath.
The Connaught Place is a large, circular
commercial area in New Delhi, modelled
after the Royal Crescent in England.
Twelve separate roads lead out of the
outer ring of Connaught Place, one of
them being the Janpath.


Shantipath
The Secretariat
The initial design of New Delhi

Lutyens had initially
designed Delhi with all the
streets
crossing at right angles,
much like in New York.
However, Lord Hardinge told
him of the dust storms that
sweep the landscape in
these parts, insisting on
roundabouts, hedges and
trees to break their force,
giving him the plans of
Rome, Paris and Washington
to study and apply to Delhi.

The layout of Lutyens Delhi was governed by three major
visual corridors, linking the government complex with :

Jama Masjid
Indraprastha
Safdarjungs Tomb

Intentions of the Layout:
Lutyens Delhi was planned on the most spacious garden
city lines with the great avenues decorated with classical
buildings with lush landscape.


Image 1
Image 2
Features
1. The plan reflects Lutyens transcendent fervour for geometric
symmetry, which is expressed through amazing sequences of triangles
and hexagons, through sightlines and axes.



2. Lutyens plan is also remarkable
for the generous green spaces,
lawns, watercourses, flower and
fruit-bearing trees, and their
integration with
the parks developed around
monuments.

3. The attempt was to include all
natural and historical wonders in
the new city.

The Road Network
Besides the major Pathway,
there were extremely wide
avenues. The original design of
the road network was capable
of accommodating 6000
vehicles, however these
avenues, had the potential of
increasing their carriageway-
the reason why the road layout
has survived till today.

In general the road network
consisted of diagonals and
radials, at 30 degree/ 60
degree angles to the main axis,
forming triangles and
hexagons.
Lutyens Delhi - Zoning
GOVERNMENT
COMPLX
BUNGLOW ZONE
COMMERCIAL
DISTRICT

GOVERNMENT COMPLEX

1. Lutyens laid out the central administrative area of the city.
2. At the heart of the city was the impressive Rashtrapati Bhawan, located on the top
of Raisina Hill. The Rajpath connects India Gate to Rashtrapati Bhawan, while
Janpath, which crosses it at a right angle, connects South end with Connaught
Place.
3. The Secretariat Building, which houses various ministries of the Government of
India including Prime Minister's Office are beside the Rashtrapati Bhawan and were
designed by Herbert Baker.
4. Also designed by Baker was the Parliament House, located on the Sansad Marg,
running parallel with the Rajpath.
The Government Complex/ Administrative area
Various masterpieces of colonial architecture in Delhi:

Parliament house

India gate

Rashtrapati Bhawan

Supreme court of India

Viceroys gardens also known as Mughal gardens

Central secretariat

Lutyen's grandiose Government House (Rashtrapati Bhawan) - located on Raisina Hill,
and one of New Delhi's major thoroughfares, Rajpath, connects it to the Purana Qila

Lord Hardinge chose the Raisina Hill for
locating the viceroys palace because:


The Rashtrapati Bhawan
It was a well drained.
Constituted of slopes and plains
between the ridge and the river.
Its eastern and southern margins
were studded with monuments of
vanished empires. A broad crescent
from Shahjahanabad and Kotla Firoz
Shah, south to Tughlaqabad and the
Qutub with tombs of Safdarjung and
Lodhis as well as Jantar Mantar in the
foreground could be viewed from the
site.

Image 1
Image 2
Image 2
The Secretariat
The Secretariat Building was designed by
architect Herbert Baker in Indo-Saracenic Revival
architecture.
Much of the building is in classical architectural
style, yet it incorporated Mughal and Rajasthani
architecture style and motifs in its architecture.
These are visible in the use of Jali.
Another feature of the building is a dome-like
structure known as the Chatri.
The style of architecture used
in Secretariat Building is
unique to Raisina Hill. In front
of the main gates on buildings
are the four "dominion
columns", given by Canada,
Australia, New Zealand and
South Africa.
Image 1
Image 2
Image 3
Image Source (Image 3): http://www.postcolonialweb.org/india/art/architecture/colonial/seccomplex/column1.html
The Parliament House
The Parliament Hous was designed by Edwin
Lutyens and Herbert Baker.

It was built with indigenous materials and by
Indian labour and the architecture of the
building bears a close imprint of the Indian
tradition.

The layout of fountains both inside and
outside the building, the use of Indian
symbols, the "Chhajjas and the varied forms
of "Jali" in marble are reminders of the story
of the craftsmanship displayed in ancient
monuments and memorials.
INDIA GATE
India gate:

The Gate is built as a special memorandum for all the soldiers who belongs to Indian
Army and to all those who have given their lives fighting for the protection of their
country. It is considered that approximately 90,000 and more soldiers names have been
encrypted over the walls of India gate which is a special thing in itself.

The explicit india gate architecture explains you that there is a huge path which is also
known by the name of Rajpath at the end of which is constructed a 42 meters high India
Gate that was previously known by the name of All India War Memorial. The designing of
India Gate was done by famous architect Sir Edwin Lutyen.
Standing behind the gate is an empty canopy made out of sandstone, also designed by
Lutyens, and inspired by a sixth-century pavilion from Mahabalipuram.

SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
Supreme Court of INDIA:

The main block of the Supreme Court building was built on a square plot of 22 acres and
the building was designed by chief architect Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar who was the first
Indian to head CPWD and designed the Supreme Court Building in an Indo British
architectural style. He was succeeded by Shridher Krishna Joglekar.

The Court moved into the present building in 1958. The building is shaped to project the
image of scales of justice with the Central Wing of the building corresponding to the
centre beam of the Scales.

In 1979, two new wingsthe East Wing and the West Wingwere added to the
complex. In all there are 15 court rooms in the various wings of the building. The Chief
Justice's Court is the largest of the courtroom located in the centre of the Central Wing.
It has a large dome with a high ceiling.

Viceroys Garden, 1911-1931
Viceroys gardens:

The Mughal Gardens situated at the back of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, incorporates both
Mughal and English landscaping styles and feature a vast variety of flowers. The
Rashtrapati Bhavan gardens are open to public in February every year.

Main garden-Two channels running North to South and two running East to West divide
this garden into a grid of squares. There are six lotus shaped fountains at the crossings of
these channels. Where as the energetic fountains rising up to a height of 12 feet create
soothing murmur that enthralls the visitor, the channels are so tranquil in their
movement that they seem frozen. In the channels at appropriate times of day can be
seen reflections of the imposing building and the proud flowers. There are wooden trays
placed on stands in the centre of the channels where grain is put for the birds to feed
upon.

JALIS
JALIS
JALIS
COMMON
FEATURES
BUDDHIST DOME
BUDDHIST DOME
http://monuments-in-india.blogspot.in/2009/12/rashtrapati-bhavan.html
http://www.hindustantimes.com/The-Budget-s-journey-through-
Parliament/Article1-1056413.aspx
http://www.indiansecretsrevealed.com/secratariat-building-trip/
THICK BAND
THICK BAND
THICK BAND
Image Source: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/article1-707274.aspx
Starting from India Gate, at the
lowest and eastern end of Rajpath,
nearby land was allocated to
numerous princely states, each of
which built small palaces, such as
the Bikaner House (now the
Rajasthan tourism office) and Jaipur
House (now the National Gallery of
Modern Art).
It might be said that this placement
mirrored the British sentiments
toward the princes, who lost much
of their former power and status
during the British Raj. Here, too, are
the state Bhavans (houses), where
you can taste the cuisine of each
state.
THE PRINCELY STATES
The largest of all palaces in New Delhi a building that suited the status of the Nizam of
Hyderabad. Designed by Edwin Lutyens. The majestic mansion had 36 rooms.
Lutyens designed Hyderabad House in the shape of a butterfly a plan that he had first
used for Papillon Hall in Leicestershire in 1903.
The main architectural feature of Hyderabad House is a dome with an entrance hall
beneath which symmetrical wings radiate at an angle of fifty-five degrees. Its round arches
flanked by rectangular openings to the height of the impost was inspired by the Pantheon
in Rome, a city where Lutyens stayed in 1909. For the first floor windows of the grand place,
Lutyens chose a combination of rectangular and round arches that were inspired by the
Uffizi to the Arno in Florence.
The majestic building that boasts of courtyards, archways, obelisks, large flower containers,
grand stairways, marble fireplaces, fountains, had a pre-dominantly European character
with some Mughal motifs.
Image Source: http://www.panoramio.com/photo/5403445
THE HYDRABAD
HOUSE
Situated next to Hyderabad House, is another magnificent building designed by Edwin
Lutyens. He designed the Baroda House on a train from Bombay in 1921, and it took
15 years to build it. The Gaekwad of Baroda , who was educated in England, wanted
his palace in New Delhi to be Anglo-Saxon in style.
The grand Baroda House was known for its terraces, grand corridors, cooling arcades,
beautiful gardens and well-ventilated salons and richly done up living rooms.
Gaekwad led a very westernised lifestyle.
Image Source: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/article1-707274.aspx
THE BARODA
HOUSE
Image Source: http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_session/Session+Judge/Home/Delhi+District+Courts/Patiala+House
Patiala House was formerly the palatial residence of the Maharaja of Patiala (in
Punjab). part of central vista, this building, built in the 1930s, has a central dome
with a butterfly layout, similar to other buildings o the Lutyens zone. Today it
houses the district Courts complex for New Delhi District. 'A double Vtoreyed
building, the central portion is emphasized with a domed pavilion on the terrace
and projection porchover the upper storey, there is a projecting chajja running
the entire length of the old building. It has seen interesting occupants ever since
the Maharaja vacated it.
THE PATIALA
HOUSE
Jaipur House (National Gallery of Modern Art) is located diametrically opposite Hyderabad
House. Like other princes residences, the building was also designed in the shape of a
butterfly with a central dome. But very few people know that it was British architect Charles
Blomfield, who designed the building. It was designed in a mix of neo-classical and Art Deco
style. The butterfly-shaped building has two symmetrical wings radiating from the central
court.

Two similar wings radiate towards the back facing the gardens. The faade of this
comparatively austere palace is marked by two levels of small, vertical, slit-like windows. A
continuous sunshade or chajja in redstone caps the entire faade. The building has arched
openings framed by Rajput columns.
Image Source: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/article1-707274.aspx
THE JAIPUR
HOUSE
In this whole process almost no
attention was paid to the problems of
Old Delhi. Due to the creation of New
Delhi, Old Delhi experienced a 28%
surge in population from 1916-1926
resulting in the spilling over of the
population from inside the walled city
to the Paharganj area, whose
restructuring was later abandoned by
Lutyens due to resource constraints.
Also, no provision of housing was
premeditated for the large no. of
skilled and unskilled workers which
immigrated in for the construction
work of New Delhi.
This negligence of the planners
towards Old Delhi resulted in its
transformation to a large slum area
through deterioration and
dilapidation.
Drawbacks
Image Source:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Lutyens'_proj
ected_Imperial_Delhi,_from_the_Encyclopedia_Britannica,_11t
h_ed.,_1910-12.jpg