Second Order Analysis

In the previous classes we looked at a method that

determines the load corresponding to a state of bifurcation
equilibrium of a perfect frame by eigenvalye analysis
The system was assumed to be perfect, and there were
no lateral deflection until the load reached P
cr
.
At P
cr
, the original configuration of the frame becomes
unstable, and with a slight perturbation the deflections
start increasing without bound.
However, if the system is not perfect, or it is subjected to
lateral loads along with gravity loads, then the deflections
will start increasing as soon as the loads are applied.
However, for an elastic frame, the maximum load capacity
will still be limited to that corresponding to P
cr

Second Order Analysis
To trace this curve, a complete load-deflection analysis of
the frame is necessary. A second order analysis will
generate this load-deflection curve
In a second order analysis procedure, secondary effects as
the P- and P- effects, can be incorporated directly. As a
result, the need for the B1 and B2 factors is eliminated.
In a second-order analysis, the equilibrium equations are
formulated with respect to the deformed geometry, which
is not known in advance and constantly changing, we
need to use an iterative technique to obtain solutions.
In numerical implementation, the incremental load
approach is popular. The load is divided into small
increments and applied to the structure sequentially.
Second Order Analysis
Discretize frame into
beam-column elements
For each beam-column
element, formulate stiffness
matrix k = k
o
+ k
g

Assemble structure stiffness
matrix K using k and id array
Begin Iteration for i load step
R
i
= K
i
1
D
i
1
D
i
1
= [K
i
1
]
-1
R
i

Where in the i load step,
R
i
= incremental load vector
K
i
1
= structure secant stiffness matrix
D
i
1
= incremental displacement vector
D
i
1
= D
i
+ D
i
1

For each element,
Extract d
i
1
from D
i
1
For each element,
Compute e,
a
,
b

from d
i
1
using T
d

For each element,
compute P,
a
,
b
from e,

a
,
b
using element local k
e
For each element,
compute element end forces r
i
1

using T
F
and P, M
a
, M
b
Form the structure internal force
vector R
i
1
using all element r
i
1

Second Order Analysis
Form the structure internal force
vector R
i
1
using all element r
i
1

Form the structure external force
vector R
i+1
= R
i
+ R
i

Evaluate unbalanced force vector
Q
i
1
= R
i+1
- R
i
1

For each element, using the current
value of axial force P
Update element k
Assemble element k to form
updated structure stiffness matrix
K
i
2

D
i
2
=[K
i
2
]
-1
Q
i
1

D
i
2
=D
i
+

(D
i
k)

For each element,
Extract d
i
2
from D
i
2
For each element,
Compute e,
a
,
b

from d
i
2
using T
d

For each element,
compute P,
a
,
b
from e,

a
,
b
using element local k
e
For each element,
compute element end forces r
i
2

using T
F
and P, M
a
, M
b
Form the structure internal force
vector R
i
2
using all element r
i
2

R
e
p
e
a
t

u
n
t
i
l

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
,

w
h
e
r
e

Q
i
j

a
p
p
r
o
x
.

0

Second Order Analysis
After convergence, D
i+1
= D
i
n
= D
i
+ D
i
k

Assumed another load increment, and go back to begining
AISC (2005) Specifications
Chapter C Stability Analysis and Design
C1. Stability Design Requirements
1. General Requirements
Stability shall be provided for the structure as a whole and
for each of its elements.
Any method that considers the effects of the following on
the stability of structure and elements is permitted:
Influence of second-order effects (P- and P-) produced by
flexural, shear, and axial deformations
Geometric imperfections
Member stiffness reduction due to residual stress
All component and connection deformations that contribute
to lateral displacements must be considered in the analysis
The methods prescribed in this Chapter C and Appendix 7
satisfy these requirements
C1. Stability Design Requirements
1. General Requirements
For structures designed by elastic analysis, individual
member stability and stability of the structure as a whole
are provided jointly by:
Calculation of the required load effects (P
r
, V
r
, M
r
) for
members and connection using one of the methods specified
in C2.2
Designing members and connections using the specifications
of Chapters D, E, F, G, H, and I. e.g., for beam-column
members using the interaction equations of Chapter H.
For structures designed by inelastic analysis, the
provisions of Appendix 1 must be satisfied.

C2 CALCULATION OF LOAD EFFECTS
C2.2b Design by first order analysis.
First order analysis does not account for the effects of
structural deflections (due to applied loads) on the member
load effects, i.e., the second order effects. This is covered in
CE474 or any matrix structural analysis class.
Required strengths (P
r
, V
r
, M
r
) are permitted to be
determined by a first-order analysis with all members
designed using K=1.0 provided that:
The required compressive strength (P
r
) for all beam-columns
satisfy the limitation P
r
< 0.5 P
Y

All load combinations must include an additional lateral load
N
i
applied in combination with other loads. N
i
is applied at
each level (or story) of the structure and its value is:

C2 Calculation of Load Effects
N
i
= 2.1 (
H
/L) Y
i
0.0042 Y
i

Where, Y
i
= design gravity load applied at level i in kips

H
/L = maximum ratio of story drift (
H
) to height (L) for all
stories in the structure.

H
= first order inter-story drift due to design loads
This notional load N
i
must be considered independently in
two orthogonal directions of the structure.
The non-sway amplification of beam-column moment is
considered by applying the B
1
amplification to the moment
calculated from first order analysis.

C2 Calculation of Load Effects
The amplified first-order elastic analysis method defined in
Section C2.1b is also an accepted method or second-order
elastic analysis of braced, moment, and combined frames.
The required second-order flexural strength M
r
and axial
strength P
r
must be determined as:
M
r
= B
1
M
nt
+ B
2
M
lt

P
r
= P
nt
+ B
2
P
lt
where, B
1
= C
m
/ (1-P
r
/P
e1
) 1.0 Here, P
r
=P
nt
+P
lt

B
2
= 1/(1-P
nt
/P
e2
) 1.0
where, P
e1
= elastic buckling resistance of member in plane of
bending calculated on the basis of no sidesway = p
2
EI/(K
1
L)
2


K
1
= effective length factor in plane of bending assuming no
sway and set equal to 1.0 unless analysis indicates otherwise
C2 Calculation of Load Effects
Where, P
e2
= elastic buckling resistance for the story
determined by sidesway buckling analysis
For moment frames, P
e2
can be determined as the column
elastic buckling resistances for in-plane sway buckling
K
2
= column effective length in plane of bending calculated
based on sidesway buckling analysis
For all other types of lateral load resisting systems, it is
permitted to use:
P
e2
= R
m
HL/
H

where, R
m
=1.0 for braced, and 0.85 for moment frames

H
= first-order inter-story drift due to lateral forces
H = story shear produced by same lateral forces
C2 Calculation of load effects
Design by second-order analysis
Any second-order elastic analysis method that considers
both P- and P- effects may be used.
All gravity-only load combinations must include a minimum
lateral load applied at each level of the structure of 0.002 Y
i
,
where Y
i
is the design gravity load applied at level i (kips).
This notional lateral load will be applied independently in
both orthogonal directions of the structure.
The notional lateral load limits the error caused by
neglecting initial out-of-plumbness and member stiffness
reduction due to residual stresses in the analysis.
C2 Calculation of load effects
Design by second-order analysis (cont.)
Calculate the ratio of second-order drift to first-order drift.
This ratio can be calculation from analysis or using the
equation for B
2
(presented later).
If this ratio is less than 1.1 then members are permitted to
be designed using effective length K=1.0.
If this ratio is greater than 1.1 but less than 1.5, then the
members must be designed using K factor determined from
a sidesway buckling analysis of the structure. Stiffness
reduction factor due to column inelasticity is permitted in the
determination of the K factor. For braced frames K=1.0
If this ratio is greater than 1.5, then must use the direct
analysis approach given in Appendix 7.
App. 7 Direct Analysis Method
The available strength (capacity) of members can be
obtained from the provisions of applicable chapters E, F,
G, H, or I.
For beam-columns designed using Chapter H, the nominal
column strengths P
n
can be determined using K=1.0.
The required strength for members, connections, and
other structural elements shall be determined from a
second-order elastic analysis.
This second-order analysis must include P- and P- effects,
and must include all deformation contributions from
members and connections.
It is permitted to use any general second-order analysis
method or even the B
1
, B
2
factor method provided these
factors are based on reduced member stiffness defined later.
Methods of analysis that neglect the P- (B
1
) effect are
permitted if P
r
< 0.15 P
e
in the plane of bending.
App. 7 Direct Analysis Method
While conducting the second order analysis, notional loads
must be applied to the framing system to account for the
effects of geometric imperfections, inelasticity, or both.
Notional lateral loads must be applied at each framing level
and specified in terms of the gravity loads at that level.
N
i
=0.002 Y
i

The gravity loads used to determine the notional loads will be
associated with the load combination being evaluated.
Notional loads will be applied in the direction that adds to the
destabilizing effects under the specified load combination
The notional load coefficient of 0.002 is based on assumed
initial out-of-story plumbness=H/500.
As mentioned earlier, if the ratio of second order-to-first
order interstory drift is < 1.5, then notional lateral loads can
be applied to only the gravity loading combinations.
Additionally, it is permitted to use assumed out-of-plumbness
geometry in the analysis instead of the notional load
App. 7 Direct Analysis Method
While conducting the second-order analysis, a reduced
flexural stiffness EI
*
must be used for all the members.
EI
*
= 0.8 t E I
where, t = 1.0 , if P
r
/P
Y
0.5
and, t = 4[P
r
/P
Y
(1-P
r
/P
Y
)] , if P
r
/P
Y
>0.5
You can choose to not use the t factor but then an
additional 0.001 Y
i
load must added to the notional load N
i
A reduced axial stiffness EA
*
must be used for members
whose axial stiffness will contribute to lateral stability.
Checking member strength (Chapter H)
Design of members under flexure and axial force (H1)
For doubly and singly symmetric members in flexure and
compression with moments primarily in one plane it is
permitted to consider two independent limit states:
In-plane instability
Out-of-plane buckling
For the limit-state of in-plane instability:
For P
r
/P
c
0.2 P
r
/P
c
+8/9[M
rx
/M
cx
]1.0
For P
r
/P
c
<0.2 P
r
/2P
c
+ [M
rx
/M
cy
] 1.0
Where, P
c
= column strength for in-plane buckling
M
cx
= beam strength for in-plane bending
Checking member strength (Chapter H)
For the limit-state of out-of-plane instability:
P
r
/P
co
+ (M
r
/M
cx
)
2
1.0
where, P
co
= column strength for out-of-plane buckling
M
cx
= beam flexural-torsional buckling strength

If bending occurs only about the weak axis then the
moment ratio in the above equation must be neglected
because flexural-torsional buckling is not possible.

If biaxial bending occurs with M
r
/M
c
>0.05 in both axes.
For P
r
/P
c
0.2 P
r
/P
c
+ 8/9 (M
rx
/M
cx
+M
ry
/M
cy
) 1.0
For P
r
/P
c
0.2 P
r
/2P
c
+ M
rx
/M
cx
+M
ry
/M
cy
1.0
where P
c
is column strength according to Ch. E
M
c
is beam strength according to Ch. F.