Ticker tape

1/ ? Hertz = time (s)

Frequency = 50 Hz
Time for 1 tick =1/50 = 0.02 s


Increasing velocity
Total velocity = 20cm/ 0.06s
= 333.33 cm/s
Decreasing velocity
Total velocity= 50 cm / 0.06
= 833.33 cm/s
20 cm
50 cm
Uniform velocity / zero acceleration
Total velocity= 30 / 0.06 = 500 cm/s
30 cm
Uniform = constant = no changes

Zero velocity = not moving
a) i) trolley moves with uniform/ constant velocity
ii) Velocity = 5cm/ 0.1 s = 50cm/s
b) i) 5cm ii) 10cm
c) Ticks will become closer to one another

2)
Time = 10 s

Distance, m
3 + 4 = 7m
Speed
7/ 10 = 0.7m/s
Displacement,m
5m
Velocity
5/10= 0.5 m/s
A
B
3m
4m
5m
Scalar, no direction
Vector, direction
2m/s 5m/s
8m/s
1s 1s
5) Acceleration = 5-2 / 1s = 3m/s2 Acceleration = 8-5/ 1 = 3m/s2
6) Time = 1/ 50 = 0.02 s

How many ticks? 5 ticks x 0.02 = 0.1 s

Velocity = 2.5 m / 0.1 s = 25 m/s (A)

7 ) speed = 1500 m / 300 s = 5m/s (B)

8) C
9) Speed = 4m / 2s = 2 m/s (C)
10) 200m/ 10 s = 20 m/s (C)
11)320 / 40 = 8 m/s (D)
12) Acceleration = 30 0 / 12 = 30 /12 = 2.5 m/s 2 (B)
Inertia: remain initial position, resistance of change

When a car/ bus:
At first Then The
passengers
Because
Not
moving,
stationary
Moves
forward
Throw /
jerk
backwards
Remain at
initial
position
Moving
forward
Suddenly
brake
Thrown
forwards
Remain
moving
forward
initial
Suddenly moves
forward
Body wants to maintain initial position
So, body will feel thrown backwards
initial
Suddenly brakes
Body wants to maintain initial position
So, body will feel thrown forward, as if car still
moving forward
stop
Momentum = mass x velocity
kgms
-1
= kg x ms
-1
Factors affecting momentum is:
a) Mass b) velocity


Momentum = force x time
Ns = N X s
100 Ns = 25 N X 4s
100 Ns = 50 N x 2s
So, when time decreases, force increases.
11) a)
i) Momentum is the product of mass and velocity
factors are mass and velocity
- The larger the mass , the larger the momentum
- The faster the velocity, the larger the momentum

ii) When time of collision decreases, the force
increases.
b) Dashboard
i) Prevent driver from hitting steering wheel
ii) It will crack but will not break to pieces
iii) Prevent passengers from thrown forward
iv) Provides stability, prevent skidding
v) Collapse first to protect passengers
vi) Absorb the impact of collision
Pressure = Force (N)
(Pa or Nm
-2
) Area (m
2
)
20 Pa = 100 N
5 m
2


Area , m
2

Force , N Pressure ,
Pa
Conclusion
10 100 N 100/10
= 10 Pa
Area increases,
pressure decrease
2.5 100 N 100/2.5
= 40 Pa
Area decreases,
pressure increase
If same shape, same area
Tied higher, higher force, higher pressure
a) When block is hung at higher location, it has
higher force and produce higher pressure
b) i) Height of wooden block, Force
ii) Depth of dent, pressure
c) 1.0 cm B= 0.4 cm
d) More than 1.0 cm, because smaller surface area
creates more pressure
Hydraulic system example:

1) Excavator
2) Hydraulic jack / mechanic/ garage lift
3) Hydraulic brake
4) Roller coaster
5) Dental chair

Fill with fluid ex: oil not water because:
1) Decrease friction
2) Prevent rust
3) Can distribute pressure evenly (Pascals Principle)
4) Do not create bubbles
A B
Force , N Surface
Area, m
2

A ? = 20 N 0.2 ? /0.2 = 100,
? = 20 N
B 1000 10 1000/10 = 100
Pressure = Force (N)
(Pa or Nm
-2
Area (m
2
)
Pressure at A = Pressure at B
A B
Force , N Surface
Area, m
2

A ? = 20 N 0.2 ? /0.2 = 100,
? = 20 N
B 1000 10 1000/10 = 100
Pressure = Force (N)
(Pa or Nm
-2
Area (m
2
)
Pressure at A = Pressure at B
10 / 0.02 = y / 4

F/ 0.02 = 10000/10
Lift = upthrust = upwards
Aeroplane is supported by upthrust force
Bernoullis Principle
Ex:
1) Aeroplane
2) Filter pump
3) Bunsen burner
4) Insecticide spray









Wind low velocity
High pressure
Wind high velocity
Low pressure
Gas, high velocity, low pressure
In comparison,
outside
atmospheric pressure
higher,
Pushes air/ oxygen in

VELOCITY INCREASES , PRESSURE DECREASES
If channel thinner,
velocity higher, Pressure even lower
Bernoullis Principle
Water flow
3) a) Pressure exerted/pushed by liquid does not
depend on the shape of container
b) ii) velocity of water increases along the tube. So,
the pressure decreases gradually.
c) i) The pressure of water decreases when velocity
increases.
ii) Bernoullis Principle

In water,
We floats due to upthrust / water buoyancy/
buoyant force (not because of density)
Upthrust = Difference reading of spring balance
(outside water in water)
= apparent loss of weight, force, N 1 KG = 10 N
Archimedes Principle
Ex: stepping into a basin full of water
Water will overflows

Submarine can:
Position Ballast tank
Rises to top Release sea water
Sink to bottom Sea water flows in
F= 0.54 N
a) Weight = force = 0.54 N
b) i) 0.54-0.34 = 0.20 N
ii) Buoyancy = weight of displaced water = 0.20 N
iii) The apparent loss of weight is buoyancy of
water and equal to weight of fluid displaced
c) i) 1 kg = 10 N,
Density of oil and water?
Oil less dense, less than 0.20 N
ii) Archimedess Principle
P compression stroke
Q- power stroke
b) i) mixture of petrol and air is sucked in
ii) Spark park ignites the petrol and air
c) Q- power stroke
d) Uses internal combustion engine,
involve 4 movements of piston

a) i)mass of trolley
ii) velocity of trolley
b) i) Trolley X will produce deeper dent than Y.
ii) Object will bigger mass produces larger
momentum
c) The bigger the mass, the larger the momentum

a) i) X= thrust
Y lift, upthrust
ii) High speed of gases produced creates a
momentum backwards and pushes the jet forward
iii) Y- buoyancy, Bernoullis Principle
b) Weight = Lift
Drag = Thrust



8)
a) Liquid hydrogen
b) For combustion of fuel
c) Combustion of hydrogen and oxygen
d) i) Principle of Conservation of Momentum
ii) Rocket expels/release hot gases backwards
creates creates a momentum downwards and
pushes the rocket upwards

Crops/ plants fruits animal rubber Genetically Modified
Food (GMF)
- resist disease
- Need less
water
- looks better
(flowers)
- higher quality
- Sweeter
- Higher
yield
(hasil)

- Mature earlier
- More
milk/flesh/
eggs

- Faster to
produce
latex
- Higher yield
- Bigger/taller
- Higher yield
- Resist disease/ pest
(so can use less
insecticide)
More and new variety in:
Selective breeding: Example: Oil palm
Dura x Pisifera = Tenera ( more oil)

To maintain fertility of land:
1) Add fertiliser / baja
2) Mixed cultivation / penanaman
(different plants take up different
nutrients from soil)
3) Planting cover crops (ex: grass, to
prevent erosion, nutrient runoff when
rain)
To increase food production:
1) New machinery / equipment to harvest
and transplant seedlings paddy field
2) Educating farmers (new variety and tech)
3) Free land for development (FELDA)
4) Give free sample of new variety (resist
disease)


Pg 27
3. The aims.
a) To eliminate.
slow down bacteria
improve appearance
to maintain quality
Pasteurisation
Dehydration bacteria die/inactive, ex: milk powder
Pg 28: freezing: for imported meat (thawed)
Cooling for imported vege, fruits,
chicken (from market)
Freeze drying: sublime, (sublimation remove water)
Irradiation : lower nutrition



Pg 29 fUNCTION
S
example Sample food
favourings taste MSG ,
ester (fruity)
COLA, Ribena
colourings cake
preservatives Benzoic acid prevent
bacteria growth
Boric acid cause
cancer
COLA, Ribena
sweeteners Caramel
antioxidant Prevent oil
from
rancid
BHA, ascorbic acid
emulsifier Appearanc
e
stabiliser Consistent
appearanc
e
Cake
Bleaching Look
cleaner ,
for
appearanc
e
2. manipulation, modify traits, corn, potatoes, soya
beans
- Improve quality

3. Consecutive , different crops, soil fertility (subur),
nitroge. Pest control
4. Two farming activities, livestock (animal), vege.
5. Cerun - highlands, soil erosion, landflash.
6. Shifting cultivation hilly and mountain area
(pertanian pindah)
Pg 30
1. quality, quantity, new variety/machinery
2. MARDI, MPOB
3. High quality, protection
Land schemes:
RISDA (small farms)
FELDA
FELCRA
OIL PALMS
Pg 30
6.4
1. Food act 1983, food.1985, safety ,security
a) production, processing, distribution, safety,
quality, protecting rights
b) Labelled
i) Name
ii) Net weight
iii) Ingredients
iv) Expiry date
v) Name, address, manufacturer
vi) Method storing
No price
2. Nutrition fact, calori, HALAL
3. CAP, educating
4. Responsible, dishonest traders, exploiting
Pg 66 SectionC
9) a)




b) Rice yield low, improve production
i) The soil of his land is not fertile, infested by pests
and crops affected by diseases.
ii) Questions:
1) How can the farmer increase fertility of soil?
2) How can the farmer control pests and diseases?
iii) 1) Fertiliser added to the soil
2) Insecticides are sprayed or owl is reared to
prey on rats (biological control)
Methods Explanation
cooling Food stored at low temperature to slow down activity of bacteria
canning Food is boiled to kill bacteria and then sealed.
freezing Food frozen below 0C to stop bacteria activity
dehydration Water is removed and food kept at air tight
(i) emulsifier stabiliser
Mix 2 substances
for form emulsion
Differences Maintain consistency
and texture
Lecithin, gum example Agar, gelatin
(ii) Flavouring sweetener
Enhance taste differences Make food sweeter
MSG, ester example Caramel, aspartame
Page 64
5.
X Pasteurisation
Y Canning
Z dehydration
b) Heated 63C for 30 minutes
c) Can be kept for longer time/increase shelf
life
d) Dried under sun
200g
600g
Products made of synthetic rubber
wetsuit
Soles of shoes
tyres
200g
600g
8
Reading of stopwatch diagram 4.2 is
higher than 4.1
Time taken for diagram 4.2
higher because bigger inertia
than diagram 4.1
Inertia/ Time for tin to stop
Inertia is the ability of tin to stop itself from swinging.
Pituitary
gland
Adrenal gland
Increase heartbeat and
respiration for emergency
situation
Thyroid gland
goiter
Meiosis
Fertilisation
Rr Rr rr
rr
Meiosis
Fertilisation
Red roses
Rr
rr
1:1
Products made of synthetic rubber
wetsuit
Soles of shoes
tyres
Same group
Same chemical properties
Different physical properties
Increasing proton number
2.1 = 3
2.8.1 = 11
2.7 = 9
2.8 = 10
11
T
T
P,S
Q/T
isoprene
Formic acid ,
ethanoic acid (vinegar)
Solid-coagulate
X - ammonia
Vulcanised rubber (vulcanisation)
To form cross linkages between
Rubber molecules
Hydrogen,
Pop, burning splinter
P,S,Cal, MAZI,TLC
10)
a) Different metal shows different
reactivity with acid
b) i) To investigate reactivity of
metal with acid
ii) Manipulated: Type of metal
Responding: Reactivity of metal
Constant: size/mass of metal
iii) apparatus: test tube
Material: magnesium powder, zinc
powder, hydrochloric acid
vi) Different metal shows different
reactivity with acid.
More reactive metal will show more
reactivity with acid.

iv) Procedure:
Hydrochloric acid
Magnesium powder
Zinc powder
A
B
1. 10 cm 3 of hydrochloric acid
is added into test tube A.
2. 10 g of magnesium powder
is added.
3. Test tube B is repeated with
10g of zinc powder.
4. The reactivity between test
tube A and B is compared.

v) Type of metal Reactivity of metal
Magnesium
Zinc
11a)




b) Problem: Smoke from factories cause air
pollution
Clarification: Factories release smoke and
poisonous gas that affect the health and
environment
Methods: 1) Build tall chimney
2. install filter at chimney
3. Enforce the law
4. Organize clean environment campaign
Human activities Effect
1) Illegal logging Destruction of forest
Destroy habitat
2) Open burning Cause haze, air pollution
Cause respiratory problem
12)
a)



b)


c) Common characteristics:
They are made of synthetic rubber which is heat resistant and less
elastic.
Two examples: Hose of bunsen burner, electrical insulator
Non-example: rubber band
Actual concept: Synthetic rubber is rubber that resist heat, less
elastic and resist oxidation.

Natural rubber Differences Synthetic rubber
Low Heat resistant High
yes Easily oxidised no
more elastic less
higher Ability to absorb
sound
lower
Natural rubber Synthetic rubber
Household glove, car tyres Hoses, laboratory gloves
Yellow book , page 12
Question 10)
a) Natural immunity is the ability to resist disease because body
produces antibody when affected once.
Example: chicken pox, measles
The person will no longer be affected by the disease.
b)i) Identify: Cholera outbreak affects the health of villagers
ii) Cholera is a infectious disease caused by bacteria, spread
through contaminated food and water, causing vomiting and
stomachache.
iii) 1. Water is purified and boiled before drinking.
2. Patients are treated and non-patients are vaccinated.
3. Treat water supply with chlorine by government.
4. Cleanliness is maintained by correctly disposing garbage and
prevent infestation of flies, rats and cockroaches.