STAR DEVICE COORDINATION

ANALYSIS
SUPRIYANTO, ST., MT.
supriyanto_suhono@yahoo.com.sg

supriyanto_suhono@yahoo.com.sg
Objective
Menentukan rating dan setting fuses ,
breakers, relay
Isolasi gangguan arus lebih

Spectrum Of Currents
Load Current
Up to 100% of full-load
115-125% (mild overload)
Overcurrent
Abnormal loading condition (Locked-Rotor)
Fault Current
Fault condition
Ten times the full-load current and higher
Protection
Prevent injury to personnel
Minimize damage to components
Quickly isolate the affected portion of the system
Minimize the magnitude of available short-circuit

Coordination
Limit the extent and duration of service
interruption
Selective fault isolation
Provide alternate circuits

Coordination
t
I
C
B
A
C
D
D B
A
Protection vs. Coordination
Coordination is not an exact science
Compromise between protection and
coordination
Reliability
Speed
Performance
Economics
Simplicity
DATA
One-line diagrams (Relay diagrams)
Power Grid Settings
Generator Data
Transformer Data
Transformer kVA, impedance, and connection
Motor Data
Load Data
Fault Currents
Cable / Conductor Data
Bus / Switchgear Data
Instrument Transformer Data (CT, PT)
Protective Device (PD) Data
Manufacturer and type of protective devices (PDs)
One-line diagrams (Relay diagrams)
PROSEDUR
Prepare an accurate one-line diagram (relay
diagrams)
Obtain the available system current spectrum
(operating load, overloads, fault kA)
Determine the equipment protection
guidelines
Select the appropriate devices / settings
Plot the fixed points (damage curves, )
Obtain / plot the device characteristics curves
Analyze the results

TIME CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS
TCC Curve / Plot / Graphs
4.5 x 5-cycle log-log graph
X-axis: Current (0.5 10,000 amperes)
Y-axis: Time (.01 1000 seconds)
Current Scaling (x1, x10, x100, x100)
Voltage Scaling (plot kV reference)
Use ETAP Star Auto-Scale

TCC Scaling Example
Situation:
A scaling factor of 10 @ 4.16 kV is selected for TCC
curve plots.
Question
What are the scaling factors to plot the 0.48 kV
and 13.8 kV TCC curves?
TCC Scaling Example
Solution
Fixed Points
Cable damage curves
Cable ampacities
Transformer damage curves & inrush points
Motor starting curves
Generator damage curve / Decrement curve
SC maximum fault points
Points or curves which do not change regardless
of protective device settings:
Capability / Damage Curves
t
I
I
2
2
t
Gen
I
2
t
Motor
Xfmr
I
2
t
Cable
I
2
t
Transformer Protection
Transformer Category
ANSI/IEEE C-57.109
Minimum nameplate (kVA)
Category Single-phase Three-phase
I 5-500 15-500
II 501-1667 501-5000
III 1668-10,000 5001-30,000
IV above 1000 above 30,000
Transformer Categories I, II
Transformer Categories III
Transformer
t
(sec)
I (pu)
Thermal
200
2.5
I
2
t = 1250
2
25
Isc
Mechanical
K=(1/Z)
2
t
(D-D LL) 0.87
(D-R LG) 0.58
Frequent Fault
Infrequent Fault
Inrush
FLA
Transformer Protection

MAXIMUM RATING OR SETTING FOR OVERCURRENT DEVICE
PRIMARY SECONDARY
Over 600 Volts Over 600 Volts 600 Volts or Below

Transformer
Rated
Impedance

Circuit
Breaker
Setting

Fuse
Rating

Circuit
Breaker
Setting

Fuse
Rating

Circuit Breaker
Setting or Fuse
Rating

Not more than
6%


600 %

300 %

300 %

250%

125%
(250% supervised)

More than 6%
and not more
than 10%

400 %

300 %

250%

225%

125%
(250% supervised)
Table 450-3(a) source: NEC

Any Location Non-Supervised
Transformer Protection

Turn on or inrush current
Internal transformer faults
External or through faults of major
magnitude
Repeated large motor starts on the
transformer. The motor represents a
major portion or the transformers KVA
rating.
Harmonics
Over current protection Device 50/51
Ground current protection Device
50/51G
Differential Device 87
Over or under excitation volts/ Hz
Device 24
Sudden tank pressure Device 63
Dissolved gas detection
Oil Level
Fans
Oil Pumps
Pilot wire Device 85
Fault withstand
Thermal protection hot spot, top of oil
temperature, winding temperature
Devices 26 & 49
Reverse over current Device 67
Gas accumulation Buckholz relay
Over voltage Device 59
Voltage or current balance Device 60
Tertiary Winding Protection if supplied
Relay Failure Scheme
Breaker Failure Scheme


Recommended Minimum
Transformer Protection
Protective system
Winding and/or power system
grounded neutral grounded
Winding and/or power system
neutral ungrounded
Up to 10 MVA

Above 10 MVA
Up to 10 MVA
Above
10 MVA
Differential -

-

Time over current

Instantaneous restricted
ground fault

- -
Time delayed ground
fault

- -

Gas detection

-

Over excitation
-

Overheating
-

-

Question
What is ANSI Shift Curve?
Answer
For delta-delta connected transformers, with
line-to-line faults on the secondary side, the
curve must be reduced to 87% (shift to the left
by a factor of 0.87)
For delta-wye connection, with single line-to-
ground faults on the secondary side, the curve
values must be reduced to 58% (shift to the left
by a factor of 0.58)
Question
What is meant by Frequent and
Infrequent for transformers?
Protective Devices
Fuse
Overload Heater
Thermal Magnetic
Low Voltage Solid State Trip
Electro-Mechanical
Motor Circuit Protector (MCP)
Relay (50/51 P, N, G, SG, 51V, 67, 49, 46, 79, 21, )
Fuse (Power Fuse)
Non Adjustable Device (unless electronic)
Continuous and Interrupting Rating
Voltage Levels (Max kV)
Interrupting Rating (sym, asym)
Characteristic Curves
Min. Melting
Total Clearing
Application (rating type: R, E, X, )
Fuse Types
Expulsion Fuse (Non-CLF)
Current Limiting Fuse (CLF)
Electronic Fuse (S&C Fault Fiter)

Minimum Melting
Time Curve
Total Clearing
Time Curve
Current Limiting Fuse
(CLF)
Limits the peak current of short-circuit
Reduces magnetic stresses (mechanical damage)
Reduces thermal energy
Current Limiting Action
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
p
e
a
k

a
m
p
s
)

t
m
t
a
I
p
I
p
t
c
t
a
= t
c
t
m
t
a
= Arcing

Time
t
m
= Melting Time
t
c
= Clearing Time
I
p
= Peak Current
I
p
= Peak Let-thru Current
Time (cycles)
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination
Symmetrical RMS Amperes
P
e
a
k

L
e
t
-
T
h
r
o
u
g
h

A
m
p
e
r
e
s

100 A
60 A
7% PF (X/R = 14.3)
12,500
5,200
230,000
300 A
100,000
Let-Through Chart
FUSE
Generally:
CLF is a better short-circuit protection
Non-CLF (expulsion fuse) is a better Overload
protection
Electronic fuses are typically easier to
coordinate due to the electronic control
adjustments
Selectivity Criteria
Typically:
Non-CLF: 140% of full load
CLF: 150% of full load
Safety Margin: 10% applied to Min Melting
(consult the fuse manufacturer)
Molded Case CB
Thermal-Magnetic
Magnetic Only
Motor Circuit Protector
(MCP)
Integrally Fused (Limiters)
Current Limiting
High Interrupting Capacity
Non-Interchangeable Parts
Insulated Case (Interchange
Parts)
Types
Frame Size
Poles
Trip Rating
Interrupting Capability
Voltage
MCCB
MCCB with SST Device
Thermal Minimum
Thermal Maximum
Magnetic
(instantaneous)
LVPCB
Voltage and Frequency Ratings
Continuous Current / Frame Size / Sensor
Interrupting Rating
Short-Time Rating (30 cycle)
Fairly Simple to Coordinate
Phase / Ground Settings
Inst. Override
CB 2
CB 1
IT
ST PU
ST Band
LT PU
LT Band
480 kV
CB 2
CB 1
I
f
=30 kA

Inst. Override
Overload Relay / Heater
Motor overload protection is provided by a
device that models the temperature rise of
the winding
When the temperature rise reaches a point
that will damage the motor, the motor is de-
energized
Overload relays are either bimetallic, melting
alloy or electronic
Overload Heater (Mfr. Data)
Question
What is Class 10 and Class 20 Thermal OLR
curves?
Answer
At 600% Current Rating:
Class 10 for fast trip, 10
seconds or less
Class 20 for, 20 seconds or less
(commonly used)
There is also Class 15, 30 for
long trip time (typically
provided with electronic
overload relays)

6
20
Answer
Overcurrent Relay
Time-Delay (51 I>)
Short-Time Instantaneous ( I>>)
Instantaneous (50 I>>>)
Electromagnetic (induction Disc)
Solid State (Multi Function / Multi Level)
Application
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination
TIME-OVERCURRENT UNIT
Ampere Tap Calculation
Ampere Pickup (P.U.) = CT Ratio x A.T. Setting
Relay Current (I
R
) = Actual Line Current (I
L
) / CT
Ratio
Multiples of A.T. = I
R
/A.T. Setting
= I
L
/(CT Ratio x A.T. Setting)
I
L

I
R

CT
51
Instantaneous Unit
Instantaneous Calculation
Ampere Pickup (P.U.) = CT Ratio x IT Setting
Relay Current (I
R
) = Actual Line Current (I
L
) / CT
Ratio
Multiples of IT = I
R
/IT Setting
= I
L
/(CT Ratio x IT Setting)
I
L

I
R

CT
50
Situation
Calculate Relay Setting (Tap, Inst. Tap & Time Dial)
For This System
4.16 kV
DS
5 MVA
Cable
1-3/C 500 kcmil
CU - EPR
CB
I
sc
= 30,000 A
6 %
50/51
Relay: IFC 53 CT 800:5
Solution
A
Inrsuh
328 , 8 694 12 I
A 338 . 4
800
5
I I
L R

Transformer: A
kV
kVA
L
694
16 . 4 3
000 , 5
I

I
L

CT
R
I
R

Set Relay:
A 55 1 . 52
800
5
328 , 8 ) 50 (
1
) 38 . 1 (6/4.338 0 . 6
4 . 5 338 . 4 % 125

A Inst
TD
A TAP
A
Q
Berapa diskriminasi waktu antar rele proteksi ?

Answer
A
t
I
B
CB Opening Time
+
Induction Disc Overtravel (0.1 sec)
+
Safety margin (0.2 sec w/o Inst. & 0.1 sec w/ Inst.)

Recloser
Recloser protects electrical transmission systems from temporary voltage
surges and other unfavorable conditions.
Reclosers can automatically "reclose" the circuit and restore normal power
transmission once the problem is cleared.
Reclosers are usually designed with failsafe mechanisms that prevent
them from reclosing if the same fault occurs several times in succession
over a short period. This insures that repetitive line faults don't cause
power to switch on and off repeatedly, since this could cause damage or
accelerated wear to electrical equipment.
It also insures that temporary faults such as lightning strikes or
transmission switching don't cause lengthy interruptions in service.
Recloser Types
Hydraulic
Electronic
Static Controller
Microprocessor Controller
Recloser Curves
supriyanto_suhono@yahoo.com.sg