Design Analysis of Francis Turbine

Runner
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Provision of Features to Reaction Muscle.
Velocity triangles
r
ri

r
re

U
ri

V
wi

V
ri

V
fi

V
ai

U
re

V
we

V
re

V
fe

V
ae

|
i

o
i

|
e
o
e

e r U
U U
r
ri re
=
<
Inlet Velocity Triangles Vs Ns
Low Specific Speed : Slow Francis Runner
V
wi
V
ai
V
fi
Inlet Velocity Triangles Vs Ns
Low Specific Speed : Normal Francis Runner
V
wi
V
ai
V
fi
Inlet Velocity Triangles Vs Ns
High Specific Speed : Fast Francis Runner
V
wi
V
ai
V
fi
Specifications of Runner
Slow Runner: N
s
=60 to 120
o
i
= 15
0
to 25
0

K
ui
= 0.62 to 0.68
|
i
= 90
0
to 120
0

B
0
/D
p
=0.04 0.033
Normal Runner: N
s
= 120 180
o
i
= 12
0
to 32.5
0

K
ui
= 0.68 to 0.72
|
i
= 90
0

B
0
/D
p
=0.125 to 0.25
Fast Runner: N
s
= 180 to 300
o
i
= 32.5
0
to 37.5
0

K
ui
= 0.72 to 0.76
|
i
= 60
0
to 90
0

B
0
/D
p
=0.25to 0.5
m in
hp in
s
H
P N
N

=
4 / 5
Selection of Exit Velocity Triangle
Exploitation of Reaction Character..
Energy of Water Leaving a Francis Runner
RE
TE
Z
re

Z
te

V
te

V
are

H
TW

Hydraulic Energy of Exiting Fluid
)
`

+ + =
)
`

+ +
TE
te
TE RE
are
RE
gz
V
p Q gz
V
p Q

2 2
2 2
For frictionless flow through exit tube
For frictional flow through exit tube
draft f TE
te
TE RE
are
RE
p Q gz
V
p Q gz
V
p Q
,
2 2
2 2
A +
)
`

+ + =
)
`

+ +

For maximum energy recovery

are te
V V <
te re
p p <
draft f TE
te
TE RE
are
RE
p gz
V
p gz
V
p
,
2 2
2 2
A + + + = + +

draft f TE
te
tw atm RE
are
RE
p gz
V
gH p gz
V
p
,
2 2
2 2
A + + + + = + +

( )
( )
draft f TE tw RE
te are
RE atm
p z H z g
V V
p p
,
2 2
2
A +

Components of Draft Tube

Geometric Ratios for Draft Tube
R site at
NPSH NPSH >

NPSH required
g
U
b
g
V
a NPSH
re
fre
R

=
2 2
2
2
15 . 0 05 . 0
15 . 1 05 . 1
< <
< <
b
a
Turbines
Dimensions of the outlet
( )
g
U b U a
g
U
b
g
V
a NPSH
re e re re
fre
R
2
tan
2 2
2
2
2
2
+
= + =
|
13
o
< |
e
< 22
o

1,05 < a < 1,15
0,05 < b < 0,15
Highest value for highest head
Internal Anatomy of Runner
Blade Velocity Vs Tangential Component of Fluid Velocity
U
b
U
b
V
w
V
a
V
f
| | ( ) gz U U V V V h I
blade blade r x
+ + + + =
2
2
2 2
2
1
u
V
r
In maridional plane at mean radius of rotor
Runner Design
Runner Design
The main procedure in design of a new runner includes;
Use of Classical theory for shaping the blade geometry
CFD analysis for the tuning of runner geometry
The classical method;
Design the meridional plan of runner based on available
methods
Obtain the perpendicular view of runner using conformal
Mapping.
Modify using model testing or CFD.
Runner Design
Shape of Francis Channel : Meridional Plan
R
r1i

R
r2e
L/D
ri

R
r2i

R
r1e

Real values of Radii
The real value of the outlet tip radius
3
1
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
e t
e
e r
Q
R
The real value of the intlet root radius
3
1
2
1
1
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
e
i
i r
h
gH
R
28 . 0 24 . 0
2
s s
e
8 . 1 65 . 1
1
s s
i
h
R
r2e
and R
r1i
are only fix two points of the leading and trailing
edges and the rest of these curves should be drawn to lead to
better efficiency of runner.
Determination of Inlet & exit edges runner
1i
2i
1e
2e
The form of these edges is two
parabolic curves.
Define the non-dimensional
specific speed
( )
t
t Q
gH
N
N
ND s
75 . 0
2 60
2
=

For
275 . 0 088 . 0 s s
ND s
N
the leading edge form is a parabolic arc
with the peak in the point by radius of
2.R
r1i
-R
r2i
which passes through the
points 1i and 2i,
1i
2i
1e
2e
and for specific speeds between
its form is also a parabolic arc but with
the minimum point in the 1i
and the axis is parallel to runner axis.
89 . 0 275 . 0 s s
ND s
N
In the exit area, trailing edge is a parabolic
curve which has a minimum point in 1e and
also passes through a point such as 2i with a
radius of R
r1i
/3.