IMPACT OF JUDGMENTAL ERRORS ON

PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATION
Presented by (Group 2):
POOBALI DAS
RISHIKA SINHA
SNEHA YADAV
WASIM FIROZ BISWAS
LALIT ARORA
GAURAB SINHA


Presented to:
Dr. DURBA PAL
Asst. Professor, DMS
NIT DURGAPUR
"WE DON'T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE,
WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE"
PERCEPTION: IT IS A COGNITIVE PROCESS THAT OF
RECEIVING INFORMATION ABOUT AND MAKING SENSE OF
THE WORLD AROUND US.

A process by which individuals organize and interpret
their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment.


PERCEPTUAL PROCESS:

THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS IS THE SEQUENCE OF STEPS
THAT BEGINS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT AND LEADS TO
OUR PERCEPTION OF A STIMULUS AND ACTION IN
RESPONSE TO THE STIMULUS.

1. Sensation:

An individuals ability to
detect stimuli in the
immediate environment.

2. Selection:

The process a person uses to
eliminate some of the stimuli
that have been sensed and to
retain others for further
processing.


3.Organization:

The process of placing
selected perceptual
stimuli into a framework
for storage.
4. Translation:

The stage of the perceptual
process at which stimuli are
interpreted and given meaning.
PERCEPTUAL PROCESS(CONTD.):
Organizational Behavior / Perception

Receiving Stimuli
(External & Internal)
Selecting Stimuli
External factors: Nature,
Location, Size, Contrast,
Movement, Repetition, Similarity.

Internal factors: Learning,
Needs, Age, Interest.
Organizing
Figure Background ,
Perceptual Grouping
( similarity, proximity,
closure, continuity)
Response
Covert: Attitudes ,
Motivation,
Feeling
Overt: Behavior
PERCEPTUAL PROCESS(CONTD.):
Interpreting
Attribution ,Stereotyping,
Halo Effect, Projection
IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION :

It helps us to aware of our environment.

Perception helps in defining Reality". There are mainly two types of
reality- i) Objective Reality
ii) Perceived Reality

Objective Reality- what truly exist in the real physical world.

Perceived Reality- what individuals experience through one or more
senses, and the meaning they aside to those experiences.

Behavioral problems arise when this individuals perceived reality
does not match with the objective reality.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION:
Factors in the Perceiver:
Attitudes
Motives
Interests
Experience
Expectations
Factors in the Target:
Novelty
Motion
Sounds
Size
Background
Proximity
Similarity
Factors in the Situation:
Time
Work Setting
Social Setting
ELEMENTS OF PERCEPTION
Perceiver:

(Attitude, Motivation,
Expectation)
Perceptual Context-
Situation
TARGET
DEFINING PERCEPTIONS IN AND OF ORGANIZATIONS
Images:
Temporary descriptions of individuals or groups often related to traits or characteristics
Examples: legitimacy, trustworthiness, creativity, fairness.

Identities:
Enduring categorizations of individuals or organizations related to central and distinctive
qualities.
May be personal or social.
Examples: artistic, friendly, top-tier, international.

Reputations:
Enduring descriptions of individuals or organizations related to traits or characteristics,
sometimes categorizations related to rank or status.
Examples: high-quality, risk-averse, emotional.
VITAL ORGANIZATIONAL OUTCOMES AT DIFFERENT
LEVELS AS INFLUENCED BY PERCEPTION:

ORGANIZATION
INDIVIDUAL
PERCEPTION
INDIVIDUAL
BEHAVIOUR
Individual
consequences
Work attitudes
Motivation
Organizational consequences
Performance
Retention
Adapting to change
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PERCEPTUAL ERRORS:
1.FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR

2.SELECTIVE PERCEPTION ERROR

3.HALO EFFECT

4.CONTRAST EFFECT

5.STEREOTYING
1. FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR:

The tendency to underestimate the influence of
external factors and overestimate the influence of
internal factors when making judgments about the
behavior of others.

Example- When a manager is prone to attribute the
poor performance of his sales agent to laziness rather
than the innovative product line introduced by the
competitor.


2. SELECTIVE PERCEPTION:

People selectively interpret what they see on the
basis of their interests, background, experience
and attitudes.

Example- When each Manager was asked to write
down the most important problem he found in the
case, 83% of the sales executive rated sales
important.
3. HALO EFFECT:

Drawing a general impression about an
individual on the basis of a single
characteristics.

Example- When a chef is famous for making
one particular dish then I assume that he can
cook anything with equal proficiency.
4. CONTRAST ERROR:

Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are
affected by comparisons with other people
recently encountered who rank higher or lower on
the same characteristics.

Example: Distortions in any given candidates
evaluation can occur as a result of his/her place
in an interview schedule. A candidate is likely to
receive a more favorable evaluation if preceded
by mediocre applicants and vice versa.
5. STEREOTYPING:

Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the
group to which that person belongs.

Example- In organizations, we frequently hear comments
that represent stereotypes based on gender like Men
are not interested in child care, Women wont relocate
for a promotion.
QUESTIONNAIRE:

1. I form an image of a person when I meet him or her for the first time.

2. When I see a girl in a small dress I think she doesnt have good moral values.

3. When a sales manager cant complete his or her targets, he or she always prone to attribute
the poor performance of his agents for laziness rather than his or her faulty product line.

4.When you get poor marks in an exam, You always like to blame the marking procedure or the
lengthy syllabus rather than blaming yourself for your bad preparation.

5. When I meet two people for the first time, I tend to compare them to each other.

6. I always tend to compare two people with similar liking.

7. I have a positive opinion about a person who has a similar liking to myself/me.

8. I have a negative opinion about a person who has got different likings than me.

9 .If a chef is famous for making one particular dish then I assume that he can cook anything
with equal proficiency.

10 .If you saw a movie of your favorite actor which is a flop one then also you expect his
upcoming movie will be a hit one.

Rating Scale:
1- Strongly Agree
2- Agree
3- Neither Agree nor Disagree
4- Disagree
5- Strongly Disagree

SL. NO. NAME QNO.1 QNO.2. QNO.3 QNO.4 QNO.5 QNO.6 QNO.7 QNO.8 QNO.9 QNO. 10
1
AVINASH SRIVASTAV 1 4 3 2 5 3 2 4 4 3
2 TANIMA ROY 2 4 2 3 5 3 2 3 4 5
3 MUSTAFA KAMAL ANSARI 2 4 1 3 5 4 1 3 5 2
4 ANIKET KUMAR 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 3 4 5
5 AKASH DAVID SINGH 4 4 2 4 4 4 3 3 3 1
6 SANDIP SINHA 1 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 5 5
7 SHRADHA SUMAN 2 5 2 5 4 1 1 4 3 3
8 ANJALI KUMARI 2 5 2 3 3 1 2 5 3 2
9 KAMNA SAH 2 5 2 2 2 3 1 4 1 3
10 VINEETA SINGH 2 4 2 2 2 3 2 3 4 5
11 ABHISHEK KULARIA 4 5 3 4 5 4 1 4 4 4
12 SONU PANDIT 3 3 3 2 3 4 1 4 5 1
13 AMIT KUMAR 2 4 2 2 4 5 2 4 4 2
14 NIAMUL ALOM 2 5 2 3 5 4 3 3 4 3
15 KUSHAL GHOSH 4 4 2 3 5 1 4 3 3 2
16 SANDIPAN DAS 3 5 3 2 4 2 1 4 2 3
SURVEY REPORT:
17 ABHINAV VERMA 2 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 4 4
18 SHASHANK PIYESH 4 5 3 4 4 2 2 4 4 2
19 ANNESHA RAY 2 4 2 4 4 3 1 3 4 2
20 SMRITI SINGH 3 5 2 2 4 4 1 4 2 3
21 RISHITA MUKHERJEE 1 5 2 2 4 4 1 4 4 3
22 PAYAL 2 4 2 2 3 3 1 3 4 5
23 SARASWATI MINZ 2 5 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 1
24 KIRTI KING 2 4 4 3 2 2 2 4 4 4
25 SUMAN BAXLA 1 4 3 4 3 2 1 4 3 2
26 SUDIPA SARKAR 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 1
27 SOMYA BANERJEE 3 4 3 3 3 4 1 4 3 4
28 SANGEET NIRALA 3 4 4 3 2 4 2 5 4 3
29 SHASHWAT SRIVASTAVA 4 5 2 2 3 3 2 4 1 3
30 SANDEEP TYAGI 3 3 2 4 3 1 2 4 4 2

Average 2.23 4.067 2.367 2.83 3.33 2.9 1.733 3.533 3.4 2.833
SURVEY REPORT(contd.):

AVERAGE ANSWERS:
S.no.
Questions Asked Avg.
Strongly Agree Agree
Neither Agree nor
Disagree
Disagree Strongly Disagree
(1 to 1.4) (1.5 to 2.4) (2.5 to 3.4) (3.5 to 4.4) (4.5 to 5)
1
I form an image of a person
when I meet him or her for
the first time
2.33 SA A NAND D SD
2
When I hear something new
about a known person I know
his or her image in my mind
changes quickly according to
the quality of the news.
4.06 SA A NAND D SD
3
When I see a girl in a small
dress I think she doesnt have
good moral values.
2.367 SA A NAND D SD
4
When you get poor marks in
an exam, You always like to
blame the marking procedure
or the lengthy syllabus rather
than blaming yourself for your
bad preparation.

2.83 SA A NAND D SD
AVERAGE ANSWERS(contd.):

5
When I meet two people for the
first time, I tend to compare
them to each other.
3.33 SA A NAND D SD
6
When I meet two people for the
first time, I tend to compare
them to each other.
2.9 SA A NAND D SD
7
I have a positive opinion about
a person who has a similar
liking to myself/me.
1.733 SA A NAND D SD
8
I have a negative opinion about
a person who has got different
likings than me.
3.533 SA A NAND D SD
9
If a chef is famous for making
one particular dish then I
assume that he can cook
anything with equal proficiency.
3.4 SA A NAND D SD
10
If you saw a movie of your
favorite actor which is a flop
one then also you expect his
upcoming movie will be a hit
one.
2.833 SA A NAND D SD
METHODS OF OVERCOMING BIASES:

Identify ones own stereotypes

Evaluate people based on objective factor

Making rush judgments must be avoided

Do not overlook the external cases of other behaviors
DIVERSITY
INITIATIVES
KNOW
YOURSELF
EMPATHISE
WITH OTHERS
COMPARE
PERCEPTIONS
WITH OTHERS
POSTPONE
IMPRESSION
FORMATION
IMPROVING
PRCEPTUAL
ACCURACY
Improving Perceptual Accuracy

Bibliography
The sources of analysis are:

1. Organizational Behavior- by Stephen P. Robbins

2. Organizational Behavior- by Luthans

3. https://www.google.co.in/