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Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by Wayne Anderson
Chapter 2
Motion Along a
Straight Line
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Goals for Chapter 2
To describe straight-line motion in terms of velocity and
acceleration
To distinguish between average and instantaneous velocity
and average and instantaneous acceleration
To interpret graphs of position versus time, velocity versus
time, and acceleration versus time for straight-line motion
To understand straight-line motion with constant
acceleration
To examine freely falling bodies
To analyze straight-line motion when the acceleration is
not constant
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Introduction
Kinematics is the study of motion.
Velocity and acceleration are important physical
quantities.
A bungee jumper speeds up during the first part of his
fall and then slows to a halt.
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Displacement, time, and average velocityFigure 2.1
A particle moving along the x-axis has a coordinate x.
The change in the particles coordinate is Ax = x
2
x
1
.
The average x-velocity of the particle is v
av-x
= Ax/At.
Figure 2.1 illustrates how these quantities are related.
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Negative velocity
The average x-velocity is negative during a time interval if
the particle moves in the negative x-direction for that time
interval. Figure 2.2 illustrates this situation.
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A position-time graphFigure 2.3
A position-time graph (an x-t graph) shows the particles
position x as a function of time t.
Figure 2.3 shows how the average x-velocity is related to the
slope of an x-t graph.
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Instantaneous velocityFigure 2.4
The instantaneous velocity is the velocity at a
specific instant of time or specific point along the
path and is given by v
x
= dx/dt.
The average speed is not the magnitude of the
average velocity!
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Average and instantaneous velocities
In Example 2.1, the cheetahs instantaneous velocity
increases with time. (Follow Example 2.1)
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Finding velocity on an x-t graph
At any point on an x-t graph, the instantaneous x-
velocity is equal to the slope of the tangent to the
curve at that point.
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Motion diagrams
A motion diagram shows the position of a particle at
various instants, and arrows represent its velocity at each
instant.
Figure 2.8 shows the x-t graph and the motion diagram for a
moving particle.
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Average acceleration
Acceleration describes the rate of change of velocity with time.
The average x-acceleration is a
av-x
= Av
x
/At.
Follow Example 2.2 for an astronaut.
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Instantaneous acceleration
The instantaneous acceleration is a
x
= dv
x
/dt.
Follow Example 2.3, which illustrates an accelerating racing
car.
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Finding acceleration on a v
x
-t graph
As shown in Figure 2.12, the u
x
-t graph may be used to
find the instantaneous acceleration and the average
acceleration.
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A v
x
-t graph and a motion diagram
Figure 2.13 shows the v
x
-t graph and the motion diagram
for a particle.
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An x-t graph and a motion diagram
Figure 2.14 shows the x-t graph and the motion diagram
for a particle.
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Motion with constant accelerationFigures 2.15 and 2.17
For a particle with constant acceleration, the velocity
changes at the same rate throughout the motion.
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The equations of motion with constant acceleration
The four equations shown to
the right apply to any straight-
line motion with constant
acceleration a
x
.
Follow the steps in
Problem-Solving Strategy 2.1.

v
x
=v
0x
+a
x
t
x= x
0
+v
0x
t +
1
2
a
x
t
2
v
x
2
=v
0x
2
+2a
x
xx
0
|
\

|
.
|
xx
0
=
v
0x
+v
x
2
|
\

|
.
|
|
|
t
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A motorcycle with constant acceleration
Follow Example 2.4 for an accelerating motorcycle.
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Two bodies with different accelerations
Follow Example 2.5 in which the police officer and
motorist have different accelerations.
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Freely falling bodies
Free fall is the motion of
an object under the
influence of only gravity.
In the figure, a strobe
light flashes with equal
time intervals between
flashes.
The velocity change is
the same in each time
interval, so the
acceleration is constant.
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A freely falling coin
Aristotle thought that heavy
bodies fall faster than light
ones, but Galileo showed that
all bodies fall at the same rate.
If there is no air resistance, the
downward acceleration of any
freely falling object is g = 9.8
m/s
2
= 32 ft/s
2
.
Follow Example 2.6 for a coin
dropped from the Leaning
Tower of Pisa.
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Up-and-down motion in free fall
An object is in free
fall even when it is
moving upward.
Follow Example 2.7
for up-and-down
motion.
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Is the acceleration zero at the highest point?Figure 2.25
The vertical
velocity, but not
the acceleration,
is zero at the
highest point.
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Two solutions or one?
We return to the ball in the previous example.
How many solutions make physical sense?
Follow Example 2.8.
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Velocity and position by integration
The acceleration of a car is not always constant.
The motion may be integrated over many small time intervals to
give
.
0
0 0
and = + = +
} }
t t
x ox x x
v v a dt x x v dt
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Motion with changing acceleration
Follow Example 2.9.
Figure 2.29 illustrates the motion graphically.