Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Uke Kurniawan Usman
Network Architecture
Functional Layer of GSM
Air Interface
System Capacity
Anti Interference Technology
Network Planning
Numbering arrangement
OMC
MSC/VLR
BSC
E
BIE
Abi A PSTN
BTS s MSC/VLR ISDN
BSS PSPDN
C
Um F H
HLR/
AUC EIR SC/VM
MS
MSS
Mobile Equipment
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber.
A subscriber is identified with the SIM card.
Wireless transmission
Wireless diversity
Wireless channel encryption
Conversion between wired and wireless signals
Frequency Hopping
BaseBand Unit:
voice and data speed adapting and channel coding
RF Unit:
modulating/demodulating, transmitter and receiver
Common Control Unit:
BTS operation and maintenance
5 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
GSM Network Entity
Base Station Controller
( BSC )
Controls:
Wireless link distribution between MS and BTS
Communication connection and disconnection
MS location, handover and paging
Voice encoding, transecoding (TC), rate, adaptation,
The operation and maintenance functions of BSS.
subscriber information
3 identities essential
the International Mobile subscriber Identity
the Mobile station ISDN Number
the VLR address
8 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
GSM Network Entity
Visitor Location Register
( VLR )
AUC/EIR
Network Architecture
Functional Layer of GSM
Air Interface
System Capacity
Anti Interference Technology
Network Planning
Numbering arrangement
S ervice carrie r
O AM Subsc riber
CM
MM
RR
Tran smissi on
MS BT S BSC M SC
CM CM
MM MM
RR BS SAP BS SAP
RR RR
BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP
MT P3 MT P3
L APDm LAP Dm LAPD LAPD
MT P2 MT P2
Um Abis A
Network Architecture
Functional Layer of GSM
Air Interface
System Capacity
Anti Interference Technology
Network Planning
Numbering arrangement
time
Concept:
User 3 channel is composed of a
series of timeslots of
User 2
periodicity. Different signal
User 1 energies are distributed into
different timeslots. The
Frequency
adjacent channel interference
is restricted by connection
GSM adopts TDMA/FDMA mode choosing from time to time. So
channel width: 200KHz the useful signal is passed
each channel has 8 timeslots only in the specified timeslot.
Frequency
200KHz
BP time
15/26ms
interval
16 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Frequency Resource
GSM900 : EGSM900 :
up: 890~915MHz up: 880~890MHz
down: 935~960MHz down: 925~935MHz
duplex interval: 45MHz duplex interval: 45MHz
bandwidth: 25MHz , bandwidth: 10MHz ,
frequency interval: 200KHz
frequency interval: 200KHz
GSM1800 : GSM1900MHz:
up: 1710-1785MHz up:1850~1910MHz
down: 1805-1880MHz down:1930~1990MHz
duplex interval: 95MHz , duplex interval: 80MHz ,
working bandwidth: 75MHz , working bandwidth:
frequency interval: 200KHz 60MHz ,
17 Uke Kurniawan
frequency interval:Usman - 2005
200KHz
Frequency Resource
1800MHz
1900MHz Low
New Operator
Reason
Propagation
Characterist
ic
For Operator For Subscriber
18 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Frequency Resource
Single Band
Network
Single Band 900MHz
We know
Propagation characteristic
BCCH
1 super frame = 1326 TDMA frame ( 6.12s ) CCCH
SACCH/TCH SDCH
FACCH 0 1 2 3 47 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
RACH (up)
CCH CCCH AGCH (down)
PCH (down)
SDCCH
DCCH FACCH
SACCH
Traffic Channel
Transmit voice and data
Signaling Channel
transmit the signaling and synchronous data between BTS and MS.
BCH :
Frequency Correction CHannel ( FCCH )
-- for MS error correction
Synchronous Channel ( SCH)
-- for MS frame synchronization and BTS recognization
Broadcasting Control CHannel ( BCCH )
-- broadcasting information(cell selection information, etc..)
DCCH
BCCH+CCCH
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
(uplink)
(a) FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH
8 SDCCH/8
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0 A1 A2 A3 I I I
(Downlink)
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4 A5 A6 A7 I I I
8 SDCCH/8
A1 A2 A3 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0
(uplink)
A5 A6 A7 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4
(b) SDCCH/8(0,...,7)+SACCH/C8(0,...,7)
BCCH+CCCH+
F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A0 A1 I
4SDCCH/4
(Downlink) F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 I
BCCH+CCCH+
D3 RR A2 A3 RRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRR D0 D1 F S D2
4SDCCH/4
(uplink) D3 RR A0 A1 RRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRR D0 D1 F S D2
(c) FCCH+SCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0,...,3)+SACCH/C4(0,...,3)
F:FCCH S:SCH
B:BCCH C:CCCH(C CCH=PCH+AGCH+RACH)
R:RACH D:SDCCH
27 A:SACCH/C I: idle Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Channel Combination Type
Network Architecture
Functional Layer of GSM
Air Interface
System Capacity
Anti Interference Technology
Network Planning
Numbering arrangement
Omni-directional cell
O
Adopt omni-directional antenna ,
the overall directional propagation
characteristic is the same.
Directional cell
Capacity
Coverage Area
Sector cell is often used to enlarge the cell coverage
radius because of the higher antenna gain.
For special coverage ,such as road coverage, two-sector
cell is adopted firstly.
33 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
System capacity
Erlang :
GOS:
Network Architecture
Functional Layer of GSM
Air Interface
System Capacity
Anti Interference Technology
Network Planning
Numbering arrangement
Environmental factors:
• Terrain (mountains, hills, plains, water bodies, etc.);
• The quantity, heights, distribution and materials of
buildings;
• The vegetation of the region;
• Weather conditions;
• Natural and artificial electromagnetic noises;
• Frequency;
• How MS is moved.
37 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Interference
Co-Channel Interference
Conception:
the interference among the signals of co-
channel cells is called co-channel interference.
Result from :
Frequency reuse
Reduction method:
co-channel cells must physically be
spaced at a minimum interval to ensure
38 adequate isolation of transmissions.
Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Interference
FH technology
Dynamic power control (DPC)
Discontinuous Transceiving (DTX)
Diversity receiving technique
Reason:
counteract Rayleigh Fading
scatter interference among multiple calls
Types:
Base band frequency hopping
keeps the transmission and receiving frequency of each
carrier unit unchanged, but merely sends FU transmission
data to different carrier units at different FN moments.
radio frequency hopping
controls the frequency synthesizer of each transceiver,
making it hop according to different schemes in different time
41 slots. Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Discontinuous Speech Transmission (DTX)
BTS MS
480 ms
Speech frame
42 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Diversity Reception Technology
Polarization Diversity
orthogonal polarization diversity.
horizontal polarization and vertical polarization.
Frequency Diversity
The working principle of this technology is that
such fading won’t take place on the frequency
outside the coherence bandwidth of the channel.
43 Uke Kurniawan Usman - 2005
Agenda
Network Architecture
Functional Layer of GSM
Air Interface
System Capacity
Anti Interference Technology
Network Planning
Numbering arrangement
D3 A1 C2 C3 B1 D2
C1 A2 A3 D1 B2 B3 C1
C3 B1 D2 D3 A1 C2 C3
A1 B2 B3 C1 A2 A3 D1
D2 A1 C2 C3 B1 D2
A1 D3
“4 × 3” reuse mode:
one group includes 3 sectors /site ,12 frequency which
are distributed to 4 sites. Every site owns 3 frequency.
B3 A1 B2 B3 A1 B2
C1 A2 A3 C1 A2 A3 C1
C3 B1 C2 C3 B1 C2 C3
A1 B2 B3 A1 B2 B3 A1
A3 C1 A2 A3 C1 A2
A1 A3
“3 × 3” reuse mode:
one group includes 3 sectors /site ,9 frequency which are
distributed to 3 sites. Every site owns 3 frequency.
Network Architecture
Functional Layer of GSM
Air Interface
System Capacity
Anti Interference Technology
Network Planning
Numbering arrangement
TAC+FAC+SNR+SP