Three phase algorithm

For assessing the unbalanced operation of an

interconnected HVAC-DC system three phase
LF algorithm is necessary
Converter operating from unbalanced ac
system
Unbalance in converter control equipment
Asymmetry in converter transformer etc
Analysis of such system requires model of
three phase converter during unbalanced
operation and its integration into three
phase fast decoupled load flow

State variables of combined system is defined as


-vectors of the balanced internal voltages at the
generator internal bus bars
- vectors of the three-phase voltages at every
generator terminal bus bar and every load bus bar
-vector of the d.c. variables
Equations describing the ac system is






Where,





(mismatches at converter terminal is shown
separately)
DC system equation are given by


3-phase ac-dc load flow problem is formulated
as the solution of the below eqn for the set of
variables (V,,x)


=0
The 3 phase ac-dc load flow equations are
based on the Fast Decoupled ac algorithm
and Newton Raphson algorithm for dc
eqns.

------1

---------2


---------3
Solution technique used is sequential method
with block successive iteration of three
equations.
Iteration sequence is -P, Q, DC-

For ac iteration (eqns(1,2)) dc variables x are
treated as constants i.e the d.c. system is
modelled by real and reactive power injections
at the converter terminal bus bar.
Obtained from latest solution of dc eqn

For the d.c iteration, the a.c variables at the
terminal bus bars are taken to be constant
The converter operation is strongly
related to the magnitude of the terminal
voltages and more weakly dependent on
their phase angles.
In the three-phase case, final convergence
is comparatively slow because the d.c. system
behaviour is dependent on the phase-angle
unbalance as much as on the voltage
unbalance

The vector R of dc variables x can now be
defined.
Consider the HVDC interconnection as in fig
Each bridge in fig. must be modelled
independently
due to the difference in the converter
transformer connections (operate with a
different degree of
unbalance).
This is in contrast to the balanced d.c. model
where it is possible to combine bridge in
series and in parallel into an equivalent
single bridge.
The dimensions of the three-phase d.c.
model will, therefore, be much greater than
the balanced d.c. model
Assumptions made are
1. The three a.c phase voltages at the
terminal bus bar are sinusoidal.
2. The direct voltage an direct current are
smooth.
3. The converter transformer is lossless
and the magnetizing admittance is
ignored

a
i
- off-nominal tap ratios on the primary side
U
13
C
1
, U
23
C
2
, U
21
C
3
- phase-to-phase source
voltages for the converter referred to the
transformer secondary.
C
i
are the zero crossings for the timing of firing
pulses

i
- Firing delay angle measured from the
respective zero crossing
V
d
-total average d.c. voltage from complete
bridge
I
d
- Average d.c. current.
where i = 1,2,3 for the three phases
The phase-to-phase source voltages referred to
the transformer secondary depends on the
transformer connection and off-nominal turns
ratio.
consider the star-star transformer





















Gives a total of 6 equations
DC voltage is given by integrating the output
waveform
Depending on system topology an eqn for
each converter is given by f(V
d
,I
d
)=0 which
relates dc voltages and current)
Finally the control strategies are specified,
Such as minimum firing angle control, off
nominal taps etc
Remaining are derived from system operating
conditions
The mathematical model of the converter includes
the formulation of equations
for the individual phase real and reactive power
flows on the primary of the converter transformer.
The calculation of the individual phase, real and
reactive powers at the terminal bus bar requires
the values of both the magnitude and angle of the
fundamental components of the individual phase
currents flowing into the converter transformer.
-the fundamental component of the
voltage wave shape at the transformer
secondary bus bar
-the fundamental component of
the secondary current wave shapes; where i
= 1,3 for the three phases
The calculation of real and reactive power in three
phase analysis is influenced by the three phase
transformer connection. Such influence is
accounted by including the converter transformer
in the dc model.
The inclusion of the converter transformer within
the d.c. model requires 12 extra variables
The three-phase converter transformer is
represented by its nodal admittance model
Thus a total set of 26 variables is required
for each converter in the d.c. system

The 26 variable vector (x) is:
Take common power and voltage bases on
both sides of the converter.
MVAb = base power per phase
Vb= phase-neutral voltage base. (the phase-
neutral voltage is used as the base)
The current base on the a.c. and d.c. sides
are also equal.
The p.u. system does not change the form of
any of the converter equations.

The sequential method (P, Q, DC) produces fast and
reliable convergence.
The reactive power convergence is slower than for
the a.c. system alone.
The overall convergence rate of the a.c.-d.c.
algorithms depends on the successful interaction of
the two distinct parts.
The a.c. system equations are solved using the
fast-decoupled algorithm, whereas the d.c. system
equations are solved using Newton-Raphson
approach.
The solution time of the d.c. equations is normally
small compared to the solution time of the ac.
equations.