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TO CHC THNG MAI THE GII
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
WTO
1. Lch s hnh thanh va phat trien
2. Muc tieu hoat ong
3. Chc nang
4. C cau to chc
5. Nguyen tac hoat ong
6. Cac Hiep nh c ban
7. Viet Nam va WTO
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1. Lch s hnh thanh va phat trien

Tien than cua WTO: GATT-1947 (The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade)
Ngay 30/10/1947, 23 nc a ky GATT nham thiet lap 1 the che TM a
phng e ieu chnh TMQT oi vi hang hoa trong khi ch i s ra i cua
ITO (To chc TMQT) GATT la cong cu tam thi e ieu chnh trat t
TMQT.
Co hieu lc t 1/1/1948 en het nam 1994.
Trai qua 8 vong am phan thng mai.
Mac du ch la mot hiep nh tao c s cho cac thng lng thng mai, khong
co tnh chat cng che, song GATT-1947 a hoat ong nh mot c che quan ly
thng mai quoc te trong gan mot na the ky qua.
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Nam a iem Noi dung am phan So nc
1947
Geneva
(Thuy Sy)
Giam thue quan cho 45.000 mat hang nhap khau 23
1949 Annecy (Phap) Xac nh mc thue bnh quan 35% 12
1950 Torquay (Anh) Nhng bo ve thue quan cho 8.700 mat hang trao oi 38
1956
Geneva
(Thuy Sy)
Cat giam thue quan tr gia 2,5 ty USD 26
1958 - 1962 Vong Dillon
Nhng bo ve thue quan cho 4.400 mat hang, tr gia 4,9 ty
USD
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1964 - 1967 Vong Kennedy Thue quan va cac bien phap chong pha gia 62
1973 - 1979 Vong Tokyo
Thue quan, cac bien phap phi thue quan va cac hiep nh
khung
102
1986 - 1994
Vong Urugoay
(Punta del Este)
Thue, cac bien phap phi thue quan, cac nguyen tac, cac dch
vu, cac quyen s hu tr tue, giai quyet tranh chap, det va
may mac, nong nghiep, thanh lap WTO
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BANG 1: CAC VONG AM PHAN THNG MAI GATT
Nguon: WTO
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- 15/04/1994: tai Maroc, cac nc thanh vien
GATT a ky ket Hiep nh Marrakesh
thanh lap WTO.
- WTO chnh thc i vao hoat ong t
01/01/1995.
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SO SANH GATT-1947 VA WTO
WTO khong phai la s thay the gian n cua GATT ma la s ke tha va
hoan thien 1 trnh o cao hn, so s bien oi ve chat
1. Muc tieu hoat ong
2. Quy mo hoat ong
3. C che to chc
4. Tnh rang buoc phap ly cua cac cam ket
5. Pham vi ieu chnh
6. He thong giai quyet tranh chap



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T cach thanh vien cua WTO

Thanh vien sang lap
- Tham gia ky ket GATT-1947
- Gia nhap WTO trc 31/12/1994
Thanh vien gia nhap
- Gia nhap WTO sau 01/01/1995
T cach thanh vien: 2 nhom
8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2005 2006
S thnh vin GATT/WTO t nm 1958 -
2006
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2. Muc tieu hoat ong
Muc tieu kinh te:
Muc tieu chnh tr:
Muc tieu xa hoi:
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3. Chc nang
WTO thc hien cac muc tieu cua mnh thong qua cac chc nang
Quan ly, giam sat va tao ieu kien thc thi cac hiep nh,
thoa thuan thng mai a phng.
To chc cac vong am phan thng mai a phng.
Giai quyet mau thuan va tranh chap gia cac nc thanh
vien lien quan en viec thc hien va giai thch Hiep nh cua
WTO.
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Kiem iem/ra soat chnh sach thng mai cua cac
nc thanh vien e am bao muc tieu thuc ay t
do hoa TM va tuan thu cac quy nh cua WTO.
Thc hien viec hp tac vi cac to chc kinh te quoc
te khac nh WB, IMF trong viec hoach nh nhng
chnh sach va d bao ve nhng xu hng phat trien
tng lai cua kinh te the gii.
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4. C cau to chc
Cac c quan lanh ao chnh tr va co quyen ra quyet nh
(decision-making power):
- Hoi ngh Bo trng (Ministerial Conference)
- ai hoi ong WTO (General Council)
- C quan giai quyet tranh chap (Dispute Settlement Body - DSB)
- C quan kiem iem chnh sach thng mai (Trade Policy Review
Body - TPRB)
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Cac c quan tha hanh va giam sat viec thc hien cac hiep
nh thng mai a phng giup viec cho ai hoi ong.
- Hoi ong GATT
- Hoi ong GATS
- Hoi ong TRIPS
C quan thc hien chc nang hanh chnh - th ky la Tong
giam oc va Ban th ky WTO
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Cc HIp nh nhiu bn
Hng khng dn dng
Chi tiu ca chnh ph
Cc u ban v:
Thng mi v Mi trng
Thng mi v Pht trin
Tiu ban cho cc nc chm pht
trin
Cc Hip nh Thng mi Khu
vc
Cn cn Thanh ton
Ngn sch, Ti chnh, Th ch
qun l (chnh ph)
Cc Ban Th k v:
Gia nhp
Cc nhm cng tc v:
Thng mi v u t
Thng mi v Cnh tranh
Minh bch trong chi tiu ca
chnh ph
Cc u ban v:
Xm nhp Th trng; Nng nghip
V sinh dch t i vi hng nng sn
Hng ro k thut lin quan n
thng mi (Cc tiu chun i vi
sn phm)
Tr cp v cc Bin php i khng
Chng bn ph gi; nh gi Hi quan
Xut x Hng ha; Giy php Nhp khu
Cc bin php t v lin quan n u t
C quan Gim st Hng dt may
Cc nhm Cng tc v:
Cc doanh nghip nh nc
Kim ha trc khi xut

i hi ng
Hi ngh
B trng
Hi ng v
Thng mi
Hng ha
Hi ng v
Thng mi dch
v

Hi ng v
TRIPS
Cc u ban v:
Cc dch v ti chnh
Cc cam kt c bit
Cc nhm Cng tc
v:
Dch v chuyn
ngnh
Cc quy nh GATS



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Phng cham hoat ong cua WTO
Tren c s ong thuan (Consensus).
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5. Nguyen tac hoat ong

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Nguyen tac khong phan biet oi x (Non-discriminatory): cac QG khong phan biet
oi x vi cac oi tac TM cua mnh (oi x cong bang)
+ Quy che ai ngo toi hue quoc (Most Favoured Nation MFN): neu mot
nc danh cho mot nc thanh vien mot s oi x u ai nao o th
nc nay cung se phai danh s u ai o cho tat ca cac nc thanh
vien khac.

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+ Quy che oi x quoc gia (National Treatment-NT): moi
nc thanh vien cua WTO cam ket danh cho oi tac
nhng u ai tng t nh nc chu nha.

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Nguyen tac m ca/tiep can th trng (Market Access)
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Nguyen tac canh tranh cong bang (Fair
Competition)-t do canh tranh trong ieu kien bnh
ang nh nhau:
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Nguyen tac xay dng moi trng kinh doanh de
d oan (Predictable)
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Nguyen tac danh mot so u ai ve thng mai cho cac nc ang
va kem phat trien (Helpful to less - developed countries):
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6. Cac Hiep nh cua WTO
6.1. Thng mai hang hoa - GATT
(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
6.2. Thng mai dch vu - GATS
(General Agreement on Trade in Services)
6.3. S hu tr tue - TRIPS
(Agreement on Trade-Related Acpects of Intellectual Property Rights)
6.4. Thng mai au t - TRIMS
(Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures)

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6.1. GATT
Thue quan
La cong cu bao ho hp phap duy nhat e bao ho cac
nganh san xuat trong nc/ch s dung TQ e bao ho nen
SX trong nc.
Phai c ap dung tren nguyen tac MFN, NT.
Mot so phng thc ky thuat ap dung cho cac bien phap
thue quan cua WTO:
- Thue hoa
- Rang buoc thue
- Cat giam thue quan hn na

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6.1. GATT
Phi thue quan:
Co the s dung cac bien phap phi thue e han
che nhap khau trong nhng trng hp can thiet
e am bao an ninh quoc gia, van hoa truyen
thong, moi trng, sc khoe con ngi...


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6.1. GATT
Bien phap bao ve thng mai
- Bien phap chong ban pha gia
- Bien phap chong tr cap (oi khang)
- Bien phap t ve
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6.1. GATT
Hang det may
- Lnh vc cac nc ang phat trien co li the va tiem
nang phat trien cao.
- T nam 1974 cho en trc vong Uruguay: Hiep nh a si
(Multi-Fibre Agreement): cac nc CN phat trien co quyen
thiet lap quota e han che NK SP co nguyen lieu la/t si
t cac nc ang phat trien.
- Tai vong am phan Uruguay: Hiep nh Det may (Agreement
on Textile and Clothing) thay the MFA bat au co hieu lc t
1995 va thc hien xong vao 31/12/2004.


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6.2. GATS
Muc tieu: tao ra mot khuon kho phap ly cho t do
hoa thng mai dch vu.
Pham vi ap dung: Ngoai tr cac dch vu c cung
cap thuoc pham vi hoat ong cua cac c quan Chnh
phu, cac loai dch vu khac eu thuoc pham vi ieu
chnh cua GATS.
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Nguyen tac c ban
Tat ca cac dch vu eu c ieu chnh theo GATT
oi x toi hue quoc ap dung cho tat ca cac dch vu, tr nhng
trng hp ngoai le c ap dung mot lan
oi x quoc gia c ap dung cho nhng khu vc trong o co cam
ket
Tnh minh bach trong cac quy nh, co iem hoi ap thong tin
Cac quy nh phai khach quan va hp ly
Cam ket cua tng nc thanh vien do am phan ma co va la
bat buoc
T do hoa khong ngng: thong qua tiep tuc am phan.

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6.3. TRIPS
Co hieu lc t ngay 01/01/1995.
oi tng ieu chnh:
Ban quyen va cac quyen co lien quan (Copyright and related
rights)
Nhan hieu hang hoa (Trademarks)
Ch dan a ly (Geographical Indications)
Kieu dang cong nghiep (Industrial Designs)
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Sang che (Patents)
Thiet ke bo tr mach tch hp (Layout-designs (Typographies) of
integrated circuits)
B mat thong tin thng mai (Trade secrets)
Quan ly cac quy nh ve chong canh tranh trong cac hp
ong chuyen giao cong nghe.

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6.4. TRIMS
Muc tieu: tao ieu kien thuan li cho hoat ong au t quoc te.
oi tng ieu chnh: ch ap dung oi vi cac bien phap au t lien quan
en thng mai hang hoa.
Noi dung c ban:
- Cho phep cac nha au t nc ngoai c hng nguyen tac NT trong hoat
ong au t sang cac nc thanh vien thuoc WTO.
- Loai bo (khong ap dung) cac bien phap thng mai gay tr ngai cho hoat
ong au t.

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Thi han thc hien:
- Cac nc cong nghiep phat trien: 2 nam sau khi TRIMS
co hieu lc.
- Cac nc ang phat trien: 5 nam.
- Cac nc cham phat trien: 7 nam.

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7. Viet Nam va WTO
am phan a phng (Multilateral Talks)
am phan song phng (Bilateral Negotiations)
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3.7. Viet Nam va WTO
7.2. C hoi va thach thc
7.2.1. C hoi:
c hng MFN va NT.
Thuc ay cong cuoc oi mi kinh te xa hoi va cai cach the che
Moi trng au t cua VN c cai thien theo hng hap dan hn
Cai thien he thong giai quyet tranh chap thng mai.
c hng nhng nguyen tac u ai rieng cua WTO oi vi nc
ang phat trien.
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Tao a cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam vn len.
Nang cao chat lng cuoc song
Gia tang c hoi cho nganh hang xuat khau chu lc cua Viet
Nam.
Cac bang cap, chng ch do nganh giao duc VN c tha
nhan.
Buoc Chnh phu hoat ong co hieu qua va than trong hn.
Tao cho Viet Nam co mot v tr va tieng noi trong am
phan a phng.

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7.2.2. Thach thc:
Phu thuoc vao nc ngoai.
Thc hien cac ngha vu a cam ket.
M ca th trng hang hoa, dch vu cho cac thanh vien khac.
Phai cai cach, ieu chnh kp thi c che, chnh sach, luat le cua VN cho phu
hp luat chi quoc te. He thong phap luat phai cong bo cong khai (minh bach),
ong bo, cong bang, tnh chat hp ly.
DN VN t canh tranh bnh ang.
Ngi lao ong se gap kho khan khi tm kiem va gi cho lam viec.
Lien tuc cai thien moi trng au t e tang tnh hap dan oi vi FDI.
Nhng bat on ve chnh tr va te nan xa hoi co c hoi phat trien nhieu hn.