PSD, Signal and System

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SIGNAL AND SYSTEM
Sub-topics:
Signal and System
Signal Classification
The Frequency Concept in Continuous-Time and
Discrete-Time Signals
Introduction to ADC and DAC
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Signals and System
Signal: any physical quantity that varies with
time, space, or any other independent variable
or variables
e.g. ECG, EEG
System: a physical device that performs an
operation on a signal
Signal Processing: the processing of the signal
involves filtering the noise and interference from
the desired signal
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Person is resting
Radar Signal
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Analog
Signal
Processor
Analog
Input
Signal
Analog
Output
Signal
Analysis
Filtering
Extracting
Changing its characteristics

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Analog
Signal
Processor
Analog
Input
Signal
Analog
Output
Signal
A/D
Converter
D/A
Converter
Digital
Input
signal
Digital
output
signal
Programmable computer
Microprocessor
DSP chip

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Classification of Signals
Multichannel and Multidimensional Signals
Continuous-Time vs Discrete-Time Signals
Continuous-Valued vs Discrete-Valued
Signals
Deterministic vs Random Signals
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Multi-channel Signal
Signals are generated by multiple sources or
multiple sensors
Multidimensional Signal
Signal is a function of multiple independent
variables
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
) t ( s
.
.
.
) t ( s
) t ( s
) t ( S
n
2
1

Earthquake Signals
(
(
(

=
) t , y , x ( I
) t , y , x ( I
) t , y , x ( I
) t , y , x ( I
b
g
r
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Continuous-Time Signal or Analog Signal
A signal as a function of a continuous variable (time)
Discrete-Time Signal
A signal as a function of a discrete variable (time)

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Continuous-Valued Signal
If a signal takes on all possible values on a finite or an infinite
range
Discrete-Valued Signals
If the signal takes on values from a finite set of possible
values
Digital Signal
A discrete-time signal having a set of discrete-value
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Deterministic Signal
Any signal can be described by an explicit
mathematical expression, a table of data, or a well-
defined rule
To emphasize the fact that all past, present, and
future values of the signal are known precisely
E.g. Sinusoidal signal
Random Signal
Signals that either cannot be described to any
reasonable degree of accuracy by explicit
mathematical formulas
Signals evolve in time in an unpredictable manner
E.g. seismic signals, speech signals, etc.
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The Frequency Concept in Signals

Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals
Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
Continuous-Time Exponential Signals
Discrete-Time Exponential Signals
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Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals
X
a
(t)=A cos(t + ); -<t<
A=amplitude
=frequency (rad/s), = phasa (rad)
Relationship between F (frequency Hz) and (frequency
rad/s) is = 2 F

The analog sinusoidal signal is characterized by
the following properties:
For every fixed value of the frequency F, x
a
(t) is periodic
x
a
(t + T
p
) = xa(t); T
p
= 1/F is the fundamental period of the
sinusoidal signal
Continuous-time sinusoidal signals which distinct freq. are
themselves distinct
Increasing the freq. F results in an increase in the rate of
oscillation of the signal, in the sense that more periods are
included in a given time interval
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Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Signals
x(n)=A cos(en + ); -<n<
e = 2tf
n=integer variable
A=amplitude of the sinusoid
e=frequency (rad/sample)
=phasa (radian)
f=frequency (Cycle/sample or Hz)
x(n)=A cos(2tfn + ); -<n<
The properties:
A discrete-time sinusoid is periodic only if its freq. f is a
rational number
Discrete-time sinusoids whose freq. are separated by an
integer multiple of 2t are identical
The Highest rate of oscillation in a discrete-time sinusoid is
attained when e = t (or e = -t) or equivalently, f = (or f = -
)
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Continuous-Time Exponentials
s
k
(t) = e
jk
0
t
= e
j2kF
0
t
; k = 0, 1, 2

Discrete-Time Exponentials
S
k+N
(n) = e
j2n(k+N)/N
= e
j2n
s
k
(n) = s
k
(n)