synchronousmachine

Synchronous Machine
The stator is similar in construction that of a induction motor

The rotor can be Salient or Non-Salient (cylindrical rotor)

Field excitation is provided on the rotor by either permanent or
electromagnets with number of poles equal to the poles of the
RMF caused by stator

Non-excited rotors are also possible as in case of reluctance motors

synchronousmachine
Synchronous Machine Construction
(a)CRSM (b) SPSM
synchronousmachine
Concept of synchronous reactance (1)
Like dc machines synchronous machines will also have armature
reaction. However unlike dc machine we do not like to eliminate
it, but try to use it to our benefit.



Essentially, this armature reaction will determine how much
power can be transferred to or from the synchronous machine and
limits the current that is flowing in the synchronous machine and
hence provides inherent short-circuit protection: a great boon
when we are talking about zillions of megawatts of power flow!


synchronousmachine
Concept of synchronous reactance (2)
Suppose we short-circuit a synchronous generator with the field
circuit excited. By Faradays law an emf will be induced in the
stator (armature) which by Lenzs law has to oppose the original
field on the rotor. It means the resulting armature reaction will
induce an opposing emf to the one produced by the main field.

One way to represent this is the following circuit where X
ar

conjures up the effect of armature reaction. This can be proved
as follows: Suppose the original field flux is
f
=
m
cost.
By Fardays and Lenzs law this would produce a voltage
E
f
= E
m
sint. This voltage produce a current and hence flux that
opposes
f,
under short-circuit.

This current then has to of the form
I
sc
=-I
m
cost. Clearly E
f
/jX
ar
= E
m
sint/jX
ar
would give such a current.
synchronousmachine
Equivalent circuit of CRSM (1)
Generator (Appx.)
Motor(Appx.)
Generator (Exact)
Motor(Exact)
Only difference is in current direction; in a generator it flows
out of it, in case of a motor it flows into it.
Machine
Machine
Machine
Machine
synchronousmachine
Equivalent circuit of CRSM (2)
Machine
Machine
X
s
=X
ar
+X
al
(Synchronous reactance)
Z
s
= R
a
+jX
s
(Synchronous impedance)
X
al
is leakage Reactance
R
a
is armature resistance
Generator (Exact)
Motor(Exact)
synchronousmachine
Phasor diagram of CRSM
Note: is +ve for (a) generator and ve for (b) motor
synchronousmachine
Derivation of power equation for CRSM
on the green board
synchronousmachine
Effect of Load Change (Field constant)
Note: E
r
same as E
f

V
a
same as V
t

R
a
has been neglected
synchronousmachine
Effect of Field Change (Load constant)
Question: 1)Why is the loci of stator current and excitation voltage
moves on a straight line?
2) What is happening to power factor as field is changed?

Note: E
r
same as E
f

V
a
same as V
t

R
a
has been neglected


synchronousmachine
V curves
synchronousmachine
Effect of Field Change (Load constant)
for a generator
V
t

E
f1

jI
a1
X
s

jI
a2
X
s

E
f2

I
a1
I
a2
a Power
a Power
synchronousmachine
Conclusion for effect for field change with
constant load on power factor
For motor with increased (decreased)excitation power factor becomes
leading (lagging)

For generator with increased (decreased) excitation power factor
becomes lagging (leading)

Unloaded overexcited synchronous motors are sometimes used
to improve power factor. They are known as synchronous condensers
synchronousmachine
Torque versus Electrical Load Angle
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Delta(Radians)
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

T
o
r
q
u
e
,

P
o
w
e
r
Generator
Motor
Tmax,Pmax
synchronousmachine
Torque versus Speed
synchronousmachine
Example 1
A six-pole 60 Hz synchronous motor is operating with a developed
power of 5 hp and a torque angle of 5
o
. Find the speed and developed
torque. Suppose that the load increases such that the developed torque
doubles. Find the new torque angle. Find the pull-out torque and
maximum developed power for this machine.
synchronousmachine
Example 2
An eight-pole, 240 V-rms, 60 Hz, delta connected synchronous motor
operates with a constant developed power of 50 hp and a torque angle
of 15
o
and unity power factor. Suppose the field current is increased
by 20%. Find the new torque angle and power factor. Is the new power
factor lagging or leading? Assume linear magnetic characteristics.
synchronousmachine
SPSM and the concept of Direct and
Quadrature Axes
Since in the salient pole machine the reluctance of the machine
varies with the position of the pole, flux due to armature reaction
varies with power factor. Thus X
ar
alone is no longer sufficient
for the equivalent circuit.

Reluctance is minimum along polar (direct) axis. Hence component
of the armature reaction acting along this axis produce maximum flux.
Let this component be
ad
.

Reluctance is maximum along the inter-polar (quadrature )axis.
Hence the component of the armature reaction acting along this axis
produce minimum flux. Let this component be
aq
.
synchronousmachine
SPSM and the concept of Direct and
Quadrature Axes (2)


X
d
=X
ad
+X
al
=(d)irect axis synchronous reactance)

X
q
=X
aq
+X
al
= (q)uadrature axis synchronous reactance)

X
ad
= d(irect) axis armature reactance =L
ad

X
aq
= (q)uadrature axis armature reactance=L
aq

X
al
= leakage reactance

ad
=L
ad
I
d

aq
=L
aq
I
q

I
d
= d(irect) axis component of the armature current
I
q
= (q)uadrature axis component of the armature current
I
a
=I
q
jI
d

synchronousmachine
Explaining d-q axes using diagrams
synchronousmachine
Equivalent circuits of SPSM
synchronousmachine
Power Angle Characteristics of SPSM