A Case Study: The Reliable Construction Co. Project (Section 16.

1)
Using a Network to Visually Display a Project (Section 16.2)
Scheduling a Project with PERT/CPM (Section 16.3)
Dealing with Uncertain Activity Durations (Section 16.4)
Considering Time-Cost Tradeoffs (Section 16.5)
Scheduling and Controlling Project Costs (Section 16.6)
Project Management With
PERT/CPM
Copyright 2011 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, I nc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/I rwin
Reliable Construction Company
Project
The Reliable Construction Company has just made the winning
bid of $5.4 million to construct a new plant for a major
manufacturer.
The contract includes the following provisions:
A penalty of $300,000 if Reliable has not completed
construction within 47 weeks.
A bonus of $150,000 if Reliable has completed the plant within
40 weeks.
Questions:
1. How can the project be displayed graphically to better visualize
the activities?
2. What is the total time required to complete the project if no
delays occur?
3. When do the individual activities need to start and finish?
4. What are the critical bottleneck activities?
5. For other activities, how much delay can be tolerated?
6. What is the probability the project can be completed in 47
weeks?
7. What is the least expensive way to complete the project within
40 weeks?
8. How should ongoing costs be monitored to try to keep the
project within budget?
16-2
Activity List for Reliable Construction
Activity Activity Description
Immediate
Predecessors
Estimated
Duration (Weeks)
A Excavate 2
B Lay the foundation A 4
C Put up the rough wall B 10
D Put up the roof C 6
E Install the exterior plumbing C 4
F Install the interior plumbing E 5
G Put up the exterior siding D 7
H Do the exterior painting E, G 9
I Do the electrical work C 7
J Put up the wallboard F, I 8
K Install the flooring J 4
L Do the interior painting J 5
M Install the exterior fixtures H 2
N Install the interior fixtures K, L 6
16-3
Project Networks
A network used to represent a project is called a
project network.
A project network consists of a number of nodes and
a number of arcs.
Two types of project networks:
Activity-on-arc (AOA): each activity is represented by an
arc. A node is used to separate an activity from its
predecessors. The sequencing of the arcs shows the
precedence relationships.
Activity-on-node (AON): each activity is represented by a
node. The arcs are used to show the precedence
relationships.
Advantages of AON (used in this textbook):
considerably easier to construct
easier to understand
easier to revise when there are changes
16-4
Reliable Construction Project
Network

A
START
G
H
M
F
J
K L
N
Activ ity Code
A. Exc avate
B. Foundation
C. Rough wall
D. Roof
E. Exterior plumbing
F. Interior plumbing
G. Exterior siding
H. Exterior painting
I. Electric al work
J. Wallboard
K. Flooring
L. Interior painting
M. Exterior fixtures
N. Interior fixtures
2
4
10
7
4 6
7
9
5
8
4 5
6
2
0
0
FINISH
D I E
C
B
16-5
The Critical Path
A path through a network is one of the routes
following the arrows (arcs) from the start node to
the finish node.
The length of a path is the sum of the
(estimated) durations of the activities on the path.
The (estimated) project duration equals the
length of the longest path through the project
network.
This longest path is called the critical path. (If
more than one path tie for the longest, they all are
critical paths.)
16-6
The Paths for Reliables Project
Network
Path Length (Weeks)
StartA B C D G H M Finish 2 + 4 + 10 + 6 + 7 + 9 + 2 = 40
Start A B C E H M Finish 2 + 4 + 10 + 4 + 9 + 2 = 31
Start A B C E F J K N Finish 2 + 4 + 10 + 4 + 5 + 8 + 4 + 6 = 43
Start A B C E F J L N Finish 2 + 4 + 10 + 4 + 5 + 8 + 5 + 6 = 44
Start A B C I J K N Finish 2 + 4 + 10 + 7 + 8 + 4 + 6 = 41
Start A B C I J L N Finish 2 + 4 + 10 + 7 + 8 + 5 + 6 = 42
16-7
Earliest Start and Earliest Finish
Times
The starting and finishing times of each activity if no delays occur
anywhere in the project are called the earliest start time and the
earliest finish time.
ES = Earliest start time for a particular activity
EF = Earliest finish time for a particular activity
Earliest Start Time Rule: ES = Largest EF of the immediate
predecessors.
Procedure for obtaining earliest times for all activities:
1. For each activity that starts the project (including the start
node), set its ES = 0.
2. For each activity whose ES has just been obtained, calculate
EF = ES + duration.
3. For each new activity whose immediate predecessors now
have EF values, obtain its ES by applying the earliest start time
rule. Apply step 2 to calculate EF.
4. Repeat step 3 until ES and EF have been obtained for all
activities.
16-8
ES and EF Values for Reliable Construction
for Activities that have only a Single Predecessor

A
START
G
H
M
F
J
FINISH
K L
N
D I E
C
B
2
4
10
7
4 6
7
9
5
8
4 5
6
2
ES = 0
EF = 2
ES = 2
EF = 6
ES = 16
EF = 22
ES = 16
EF = 20
ES = 16
EF = 23
ES = 20
EF = 25
ES = 22
EF = 29
ES = 6
EF = 16
0
0
16-9
ES and EF Times for Reliable
Construction

A
START
G
H
M
F
J
FINISH
K L
N
D I E
C
B
2
4
10
7
4 6
7
9
5
8
4 5
6
2
ES = 0
EF = 2
ES = 2
EF = 6
ES = 16
EF = 22
ES = 16
EF = 20
ES = 16
EF = 23
ES = 20
EF = 25
ES = 22
EF = 29
ES = 6
EF = 16
ES = 0
EF = 0
ES = 25
EF = 33
ES = 33
EF = 38
ES = 38
EF = 44
ES = 33
EF = 37
ES = 29
EF = 38
ES = 38
EF = 40
ES = 44
EF = 44
0
0
16-10
Latest Start and Latest Finish Times
The latest start time for an activity is the latest possible time
that it can start without delaying the completion of the project (so
the finish node still is reached at its earliest finish time). The
latest finish time has the corresponding definition with respect
to finishing the activity.
LS = Latest start time for a particular activity
LF = Latest finish time for a particular activity
Latest Finish Time Rule: LF = Smallest LS of the immediate
successors.
Procedure for obtaining latest times for all activities:
1. For each of the activities that together complete the project
(including the finish node), set LF equal to EF of the finish
node.
2. For each activity whose LF value has just been obtained,
calculate LS = LF duration.
3. For each new activity whose immediate successors now have
LS values, obtain its LF by applying the latest finish time rule.
Apply step 2 to calculate its LS.
4. Repeat step 3 until LF and LS have been obtained for all
activities. 16-11
LS and LF Times for Reliables
Project


A
START
G
H
M
F
J
FINISH
K L
N
D I E
C
B
2
4
10
7
4 6
7
9
5
8
4 5
6
2
LS = 0
LF = 2
LS = 2
LF = 6
LS = 20
LF = 26
LS = 16
LF = 20
LS = 18
LF = 25
LS = 20
LF = 25
LS = 26
LF = 33
LS = 6
LF = 16
LS = 0
LF = 0
LS = 25
LF = 33
LS = 33
LF = 38
LS = 38
LF = 44
LS = 34
LF = 38
LS = 33
LF = 42
LS = 42
LF = 44
LS = 44
LF = 44
0
0
16-12
The Complete Project Network


A
START
G
H
M
F
J
FINISH
K L
N
D I E
C
B
2
4
10
7
4 6
7
9
5
8
4 5
6
2
S = (0, 0)
F = (2, 2)
S = (2, 2)
F = (6, 6)
S = (16, 20)
F = (22, 26)
S = (16, 16)
F = (20, 20)
S = (16, 18)
F = (23, 25)
S = (20, 20)
F = (25, 25)
S = (22, 26)
F = (29, 33)
S = (6, 6)
F = (16, 16)
S = (0, 0)
F = (0, 0)
S = (25, 25)
F = (33, 33)
S = (33, 33)
F = (38, 38)
S = (38, 38)
F = (44, 44)
S = (33, 34)
F = (37, 38)
S = (29, 33)
F = (38, 42)
S = (38, 42)
F = (40, 44)
S = (44, 44)
F = (44, 44)
0
0
16-13
Slack for Reliables Activities
Activity Slack (LFEF) On Critical Path?
A 0 Yes
B 0 Yes
C 0 Yes
D 4 No
E 0 Yes
F 0 Yes
G 4 No
H 4 No
I 2 No
J 0 Yes
K 1 No
L 0 Yes
M 4 No
N 0 Yes
16-14
Spreadsheet to Calculate ES, EF, LS,
LF, Slack
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
B C D E F G H I J
Activity Description Time ES EF LS LF Slack Critical?
A Excavate 2 0 2 0 2 0 Yes
B Foundation 4 2 6 2 6 0 Yes
C Rough Wall 10 6 16 6 16 0 Yes
D Roof 6 16 22 20 26 4 No
E Exterior Plumbing 4 16 20 16 20 0 Yes
F Interior Plumbing 5 20 25 20 25 0 Yes
G Exterior Siding 7 22 29 26 33 4 No
H Exterior Painting 9 29 38 33 42 4 No
I Electrical Work 7 16 23 18 25 2 No
J Wallboard 8 25 33 25 33 0 Yes
K Flooring 4 33 37 34 38 1 No
L Interior Painting 5 33 38 33 38 0 Yes
M Exterior Fixtures 2 38 40 42 44 4 No
N Interior Fixtures 6 38 44 38 44 0 Yes
Project Duration 44
16-15
The PERT Three Estimate Approach
Most likely estimate (m) = Estimate of most likely value of the duration
Optimistic estimate (o) = Estimate of duration under most favorable
conditions.
Pessimistic estimate (p) = Estimate of duration under most unfavorable
conditions.


Elapsed time
p
0
Beta distribution
m
o
16-16
Mean and Standard Deviation
An approximate formula for the variance (o
2
) of an activity is


o
2
=
p o
6
|
\

|
.
|
2
An approximate formula for the mean () of an activity is


=
o+ 4m+ p
6
16-17
Time Estimates for Reliables Project
Activity o m p Mean Variance
A 1 2 3 2
1
/
9

B 2 3.5 8 4 1
C 6 9 18 10 4
D 4 5.5 10 6 1
E 1 4.5 5 4
4
/
9

F 4 4 10 5 1
G 5 6.5 11 7 1
H 5 8 17 9 4
I 3 7.5 9 7 1
J 3 9 9 8 1
K 4 4 4 4 0
L 1 5.5 7 5 1
M 1 2 3 2
1
/
9

N 5 5.5 9 6
4
/
9

16-18
Pessimistic Path Lengths for Reliables
Project
Path Pessimistic Length (Weeks)
StartA B C D G H M Finish 3 + 8 + 18 + 10 + 11 + 17 + 3 = 70
Start A B C E H M Finish 3 + 8 + 18 + 5 + 17 + 3 = 54
Start A B C E F J K N Finish 3 + 8 + 18 + 5 + 10 + 9 + 4 + 9 = 66
Start A B C E F J L N Finish 3 + 8 + 18 + 5 + 10 + 9 + 7 + 9 = 69
Start A B C I J K N Finish 3 + 8 + 18 + 9 + 9 + 4 + 9 = 60
Start A B C I J L N Finish 3 + 8 + 18 + 9 + 9 + 7 + 9 = 63
16-19
Three Simplifying Approximations of
PERT/CPM
1. The mean critical path will turn out to be the
longest path through the project network.
2. The durations of the activities on the mean critical
path are statistically independent. Thus, the three
estimates of the duration of an activity would
never change after learning the durations of some
of the other activities.
3. The form of the probability distribution of project
duration is the normal distribution. By using
simplifying approximations 1 and 2, there is some
statistical theory (one version of the central limit
theorem) that justifies this as being a reasonable
approximation if the number of activities on the
mean critical path is not too small.
16-20
Calculation of Project Mean and
Variance
Activities on Mean Critical Path Mean Variance
A 2
1
/
9

B 4 1
C 10 4
E 4
4
/
9

F 5 1
J 8 1
L 5 1
N 6
4
/
9

Project duration
p
= 44 o
2
p
= 9
16-21
Probability of Meeting Deadline


44
(Mean)
47
(Deadline)
Project duration
(in weeks)
o
2
= 9
p
d - = 47 - 44 = 1
p
o
3
p
16-22
Probability of Meeting a Deadline
P(T d) P(T d)
3.0 0.0014 0 0.50
2.5 0.0062 0.25 0.60
2.0 0.023 0.5 0.69
1.75 0.040 0.75 0.77
1.5 0.067 1.0 0.84
1.25 0.11 1.25 0.89
1.0 0.16 1.5 0.933
0.75 0.23 1.75 0.960
0.5 0.31 2.0 0.977
0.25 0.40 2.5 0.9938
0 0.50 3.0 0.9986

d
p
o
p

d
p
o
p
16-23
Spreadsheet for PERT Three-Estimate
Approach
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
B C D E F G H I J K
Time Estimates On Mean
Activity o m p Critical Path
o
2
A 1 2 3 * 2 0.1111 Mean Critical
B 2 3.5 8 * 4 1 Path
C 6 9 18 * 10 4 = 44
D 4 5.5 10 6 1
o
2
=
9
E 1 4.5 5 * 4 0.4444
F 4 4 10 * 5 1 P(T<=d) = 0.8413
G 5 6.5 11 7 1 where
H 5 8 17 9 4 d = 47
I 3 7.5 9 7 1
J 3 9 9 * 8 1
K 4 4 4 4 0
L 1 5.5 7 * 5 1
M 1 2 3 2 0.1111
N 5 5.5 9 * 6 0.4444
16-24
Considering Time-Cost Trade-
Offs
Question: If extra money is spent to expedite
the project, what is the least expensive way of
attempting to meet the target completion time
(40 weeks)?
CPM Method of Time-Cost Trade-Offs:
Crashing an activity refers to taking special costly
measures to reduce the duration of an activity
below its normal value. Special measures might
include overtime, hiring additional temporary help,
using special time-saving materials, obtaining
special equipment, etc.
Crashing the project refers to crashing a number
of activities to reduce the duration of the project
below its normal value.
16-25
Time-Cost Graph for an Activity

Activity duration
Activity
cost
Crash cost
Normal cost
Normal
Crash
Crash time
Normal time
16-26
Time-Cost Trade-Off Data for Reliables
Project
Time (weeks) Cost Maximum
Reduction
in Time (weeks)
Crash Cost
per Week
Saved Activity Normal Crash Normal Crash
A 2 1 $180,000 $280,000 1 $100,000
B 4 2 320,000 420,000 2 50,000
C 10 7 620,000 860,000 3 80,000
D 6 4 260,000 340,000 2 40,000
E 4 3 410,000 570,000 1 160,000
F 5 3 180,000 260,000 2 40,000
G 7 4 900,000 1,020,000 3 40,000
H 9 6 200,000 380,000 3 60,000
I 7 5 210,000 270,000 2 30,000
J 8 6 430,000 490,000 2 30,000
K 4 3 160,000 200,000 1 40,000
L 5 3 250,000 350,000 2 50,000
M 2 1 100,000 200,000 1 100,000
N 6 3 330,000 510,000 3 60,000
16-27
Marginal Cost Analysis for Reliables
Project
Initial Table
Length of Path
Activity
to
Crash
Crash
Cost
A
B
C
D
G
H
M

A
B
C
E
H
M

A
B
C
E
F
J
K
N

A
B
C
E
F
J
L
N

A
B
C
I
J
K
N

A
B
C
I
J
L
N

40 31 43 44 41 42
16-28
Marginal Cost Analysis for Reliables
Project
Table After Crashing One Week
Length of Path
Activity
to
Crash
Crash
Cost
A
B
C
D
G
H
M

A
B
C
E
H
M

A
B
C
E
F
J
K
N

A
B
C
E
F
J
L
N

A
B
C
I
J
K
N

A
B
C
I
J
L
N

40 31 43 44 41 42
J $30,000 40 31 42 43 40 41
16-29
Marginal Cost Analysis for Reliables
Project
Table After Crashing Two Weeks
Length of Path
Activity
to
Crash
Crash
Cost
A
B
C
D
G
H
M

A
B
C
E
H
M

A
B
C
E
F
J
K
N

A
B
C
E
F
J
L
N

A
B
C
I
J
K
N

A
B
C
I
J
L
N

40 31 43 44 41 42
J $30,000 40 31 42 43 40 41
J $30,000 40 31 41 42 39 40
16-30
Marginal Cost Analysis for Reliables
Project
Table After Crashing Three Weeks
Length of Path
Activity
to
Crash
Crash
Cost
A
B
C
D
G
H
M

A
B
C
E
H
M

A
B
C
E
F
J
K
N

A
B
C
E
F
J
L
N

A
B
C
I
J
K
N

A
B
C
I
J
L
N

40 31 43 44 41 42
J $30,000 40 31 42 43 40 41
J $30,000 40 31 41 42 39 40
F $40,000 40 31 40 41 39 40
16-31
Marginal Cost Analysis for Reliables
Project
Final Table After Crashing Four
Weeks
Length of Path
Activity
to
Crash
Crash
Cost
A
B
C
D
G
H
M

A
B
C
E
H
M

A
B
C
E
F
J
K
N

A
B
C
E
F
J
L
N

A
B
C
I
J
K
N

A
B
C
I
J
L
N

40 31 43 44 41 42
J $30,000 40 31 42 43 40 41
J $30,000 40 31 41 42 39 40
F $40,000 40 31 40 41 39 40
F $40,000 40 31 39 40 39 40
16-32
Project Network After Crashing

A
START
G
H
M
F
J
FINISH
K L
N
D I E
C
B
2
4
10
7
4 6
7
9
3
6
4 5
6
2
S = (0, 0)
F = (2, 2)
S = (2, 2)
F = (6, 6)
S = (16, 16)
F = (22, 22)
S = (16, 16)
F = (20, 20)
S = (16, 16)
F = (23, 23)
S = (20, 20)
F = (23, 23)
S = (22, 22)
F = (29, 29)
S = (6, 6)
F = (16, 16)
S = (0, 0)
F = (0, 0)
S = (23, 23)
F = (29, 29)
S = (29, 29)
F = (34, 34)
S = (34, 34)
F = (40, 40)
S = (29, 30)
F = (33, 34)
S = (29, 29)
F = (38, 38)
S = (38, 38)
F = (40, 40)
S = (40, 40)
F = (40, 40)
0
0
16-33
Using LP to Make Crashing
Decisions
Restatment of the problem: Consider the total cost
of the project, including the extra cost of crashing
activities. The problem then is to minimize this total
cost, subject to the constraint that project duration
must be less than or equal to the time desired by the
project manager.
The decisions to be made are the following:
1. The start time of each activity.
2. The reduction in the duration of each activity due to
crashing.
3. The finish time of the project (must not exceed 40
weeks).
The constraints are:
1. Time Reduction Max Reduction (for each activity).
2. Project Finish Time Desired Finish Time.
3. Activity Start Time Activity Finish Time of all
predecessors (for each activity).
4. Project Finish Time Finish Time of all immediate
predecessors of finish node.

16-34
Spreadsheet Model
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
B C D E F G H I J K
Maximum Crash Cost
Time Cost Time per Week Start Time Finish
Activity Normal Crash Normal Crash Reduction saved Time Reduction Time
A 2 1 $180,000 $280,000 1 $100,000 0 0 2
B 4 2 $320,000 $420,000 2 $50,000 2 0 6
C 10 7 $620,000 $860,000 3 $80,000 6 0 16
D 6 4 $260,000 $340,000 2 $40,000 16 0 22
E 4 3 $410,000 $570,000 1 $160,000 16 0 20
F 5 3 $180,000 $260,000 2 $40,000 20 2 23
G 7 4 $900,000 $1,020,000 3 $40,000 22 0 29
H 9 6 $200,000 $380,000 3 $60,000 29 0 38
I 7 5 $210,000 $270,000 2 $30,000 16 0 23
J 8 6 $430,000 $490,000 2 $30,000 23 2 29
K 4 3 $160,000 $200,000 1 $40,000 30 0 34
L 5 3 $250,000 $350,000 2 $50,000 29 0 34
M 2 1 $100,000 $200,000 1 $100,000 38 0 40
N 6 3 $330,000 $510,000 3 $60,000 34 0 40
Max Time
Project Finish Time 40 <= 40
Total Cost $4,690,000
16-35
Mr. Pertys Conclusions
The plan for crashing the project only provides a 50
percent chance of actually finishing the project within 40
weeks, so the extra cost of the plan ($140,000) is not
justified. Therefore, Mr. Perty rejects any crashing at this
stage.
The extra cost of the crashing plan can be justified if it
almost certainly would earn the bonus of $150,000 for
finishing the project within 40 weeks. Therefore, Mr. Perty
will hold the plan in reserve to be implemented if the
project is running well ahead of schedule before reaching
activity F.
The extra cost of part or all of the crashing plan can be
easily justified if it likely would make the difference in
avoiding the penalty of $300,000 for not finishing the
project within 47 weeks. Therefore, Mr. Perty will hold the
crashing plan in reserve to be partially or wholly
implemented if the project is running far behind schedule
before reaching activity F or activity J.
16-36
Scheduling and Controlling Project
Costs
PERT/Cost is a systematic procedure (normally
computerized) to help the project manager plan,
schedule, and control costs.
Assumption: A common assumption when using
PERT/Cost is that the costs of performing an
activity are incurred at a constant rate throughout
its duration.
16-37
Budget for Reliables Project
Activity
Estimated
Duration (weeks)
Estimated
Cost
Cost per Week
of Its Duration
A 2 $180,000 $90,000
B 4 320,000 80,000
C 10 620,000 62,000
D 6 260,000 43,333
E 4 410,000 102,500
F 5 180,000 36,000
G 7 900,000 128,571
H 9 200,000 22,222
I 7 210,000 30,000
J 8 430,000 53,750
K 4 160,000 40,000
L 5 250,000 50,000
M 2 100,000 50,000
N 6 330,000 55,000
16-38
PERT/Cost Spreadsheet (Earliest Start
Times)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
B C D E F G H I J
Estimated
Duration Estimated Start Cost Per Week Week Week Week Week
Activity (weeks) Cost Time of Its Duration 1 2 3 4
A 2 $180,000 0 $90,000 $90,000 $90,000 $0 $0
B 4 $320,000 2 $80,000 $0 $0 $80,000 $80,000
C 10 $620,000 6 $62,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
D 6 $260,000 16 $43,333 $0 $0 $0 $0
E 4 $410,000 16 $102,500 $0 $0 $0 $0
F 5 $180,000 20 $36,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
G 7 $900,000 22 $128,571 $0 $0 $0 $0
H 9 $200,000 29 $22,222 $0 $0 $0 $0
I 7 $210,000 16 $30,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
J 8 $430,000 25 $53,750 $0 $0 $0 $0
K 4 $160,000 33 $40,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
L 5 $250,000 33 $50,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
M 2 $100,000 38 $50,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
N 6 $330,000 38 $55,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
Weekly Project Cost $90,000 $90,000 $80,000 $80,000
Cumulative Project Cost $90,000 $180,000 $260,000 $340,000
16-39
PERT/Cost Spreadsheet (Earliest Start
Times)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
B E W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE
Start Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week
Activity Time 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A 0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
B 2 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
C 6 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
D 16 $43,333 $43,333 $43,333 $43,333 $43,333 $43,333 $0 $0 $0
E 16 $102,500 $102,500 $102,500 $102,500 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
F 20 $0 $0 $0 $0 $36,000 $36,000 $36,000 $36,000 $36,000
G 22 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $128,571 $128,571 $128,571
H 29 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
I 16 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $0 $0
J 25 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
K 33 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
L 33 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
M 38 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
N 38 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
$175,833 $175,833 $175,833 $175,833 $109,333 $109,333 $194,571 $164,571 $164,571
$1,295,833 $1,471,667 $1,647,500 $1,823,333 $1,932,667 $2,042,000 $2,236,571 $2,401,143 $2,565,714
16-40
PERT/Cost Spreadsheet (Latest Start
Times)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
B C D E F G H I J
Estimated
Duration Estimated Start Cost Per Week Week Week Week Week
Activity (weeks) Cost Time of Its Duration 1 2 3 4
A 2 $180,000 0 $90,000 $90,000 $90,000 $0 $0
B 4 $320,000 2 $80,000 $0 $0 $80,000 $80,000
C 10 $620,000 6 $62,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
D 6 $260,000 20 $43,333 $0 $0 $0 $0
E 4 $410,000 16 $102,500 $0 $0 $0 $0
F 5 $180,000 20 $36,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
G 7 $900,000 26 $128,571 $0 $0 $0 $0
H 9 $200,000 33 $22,222 $0 $0 $0 $0
I 7 $210,000 18 $30,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
J 8 $430,000 25 $53,750 $0 $0 $0 $0
K 4 $160,000 34 $40,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
L 5 $250,000 33 $50,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
M 2 $100,000 42 $50,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
N 6 $330,000 38 $55,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
Weekly Project Cost $90,000 $90,000 $80,000 $80,000
Cumulative Project Cost $90,000 $180,000 $260,000 $340,000
16-41
PERT/Cost Spreadsheet (Latest Start
Times)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
B E W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE
Start Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week
Activity Time 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A 0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
B 2 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
C 6 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
D 20 $0 $0 $0 $0 $43,333 $43,333 $43,333 $43,333 $43,333
E 16 $102,500 $102,500 $102,500 $102,500 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
F 20 $0 $0 $0 $0 $36,000 $36,000 $36,000 $36,000 $36,000
G 26 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
H 33 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
I 18 $0 $0 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000
J 25 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
K 34 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
L 33 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
M 42 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
N 38 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
$102,500 $102,500 $132,500 $132,500 $109,333 $109,333 $109,333 $109,333 $109,333
$1,222,500 $1,325,000 $1,457,500 $1,590,000 $1,699,333 $1,808,667 $1,918,000 $2,027,333 $2,136,667
16-42
Cumulative Project Costs


8 16 24 32 40
$1 million
$2 million
$3 million
$4 million
$5 million
Earliest start time
project cost schedule
Feasible region
for projec t costs
Latest start time
project cost schedule
Project cost schedule
for both earliest and latest start times
0
Week
Cumulative Project Cost
16-43
PERT/Cost Report after Week 22
Activity
Budgeted
Cost
Percent
Completed
Value
Completed
Actual Cost
to Date
Cost Overrun
to Date
A $180,000 100% $180,000 $200,000 $20,000
B 320,000 100 320,000 330,000 10,000
C 620,000 100 620,000 600,000 20,000
D 260,000 75 195,000 200,000 5,000
E 410,000 100 410,000 400,000 10,000
F 180,000 25 45,000 60,000 15,000
I 210,000 50 105,000 130,000 25,000
Total $2,180,000 $1,875,000 $1,920,000 $45,000
16-44