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Flow Measurement
Mark Murphy, PE
Technical Director, Fluor Corp.
2#
COMMONLY USED FLOW DEVICES
Differential Pressure (Head) Type
Orifice Plate - Concentric, Eccentric, Segmental, Quadrant Edge, Integral, Conditioning
Venturi Tube
Flow Nozzles
Elbow
Pitot Tube, Averaging Pitot Tube (Annubar)
Variable Area (Rotameter)
Wedge Meter
V-Cone
Mass Type measures the mass flow rate directly.
Coriolis
Thermal
Velocity Type
Magnetic
Ultrasonic - Transit Time, Doppler
Turbine
Vortex
Open Channel Type
Weir
Parshall Flume
Other Types
Positive Displacement
Target
3#
FLOW MEASUREMENT - TERMS
DENSITY (r)
A Measure Of Mass Per Unit Of Volume (lb/ft
3
or kg/M
3
).
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The Ratio Of The Density Of A Material To The Density Of Water Or
Air Depending On Whether It Is A Liquid Or A Gas.
COMPRESSIBLE FLUID
Fluids (Such As Gasses) Where The Volume Changes With Respect
To Changes In The Pressure. These Fluids Experience Large
Changes In Density Due To Changes In Pressure.
NON-COMPRESSIBLE FLUID
Fluids (Generally Liquids) Which Resist Changes In Volume As The
Pressure Changes. These Fluids Experience Little Change In Density
Due To Pressure Changes.
4#
FLOW MEASUREMENT - TERMS
Linear
Transmitter output is directly proportional to the flow input.
Square Root
Flow is proportional to the square root of the measured value.
Beta Ratio (d/D)
Ratio of a differential pressure flow device bore (d) divided by internal
diameter of pipe (D).
A higher Beta ratio means a larger orifice size. A larger orifice plate bore
size means greater flow capacity and a lower permanent pressure loss.
Pressure Head
The Pressure At A Given Point In A Liquid Measured In Terms Of The
Vertical Height Of A Column Of The Liquid Needed To Produce The Same
Pressure.
5#
FLOW MEASUREMENT - UNITS
Flow is measured as a quantity (either volume or
mass) per unit time
Volumetric units
Liquid
gpm, bbl/day, m3/hr, liters/min, etc.
Gas or Vapor
ft3/hr, m3/hr, etc.
Mass units (either liquid, gas or vapor)
lb/hr, kg/hr, etc.
Flow can be measured in accumulated (totalized) total
amounts for a time period
gallons, liters, meters passed in a day, etc.
6#
LAMINAR FLOW
Laminar Flow - Is Characterized By Concentric Layers Of
Fluid Moving In Parallel Down The Length Of A Pipe. The
Highest Velocity (Vmax) Is Found In The Center Of The
Pipe. The Lowest Velocity (V=0) Is Found Along The Pipe
Wall.

SIDE VIEW END VIEW
V
MAX
CONCENTRIC FLUID LAYERS PARABOLIC FLOW PROFILE
7#
TURBULENT FLOW
Turbulent Flow - Is Characterized By A Fluid Motion That
Has Local Velocities And Pressures That Fluctuate
Randomly. This Causes The Velocity Of The Fluid In The
Pipe To Be More Uniform Across A Cross Section.
SIDE VIEW
V
MAX
~ V
AVG
8#
REYNOLDS NUMBER
The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces (velocity and
density that keep the fluid in motion) to viscous forces (frictional
forces that slow the fluid down) and is used for determining the
dynamic properties of the fluid to allow an equal comparison
between different fluids and flows.
Laminar Flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous
forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluid
motion
Turbulent Flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is dominated
by inertial forces, producing random eddies, vortices and other flow
fluctuations.
The Reynolds number is the most important value used in fluid
dymanics as it provides a criterion for determining similarity between
different fluids, flowrates and piping configurations.
9#
REYNOLDS NUMBER
Re=
Dv
r
m
D
v
r
m
DIAMETER (FT)
VELOCITY (FT/SEC)
DENSITY (LB/FT
3
)
VISCOSITY (cp)
=
=
=
=
C
C CONSTANT (6.72X10
-4
LB/FT SEC cp) =
0 2000 4000
LAMINAR TRANSITION TURBULENT
10#
IDEAL GAS LAW
An Ideal Gas or perfect gas is a hypothetical gas
consisting of identical particles with no intermolecular
forces. Additionally, the constituent atoms or molecules
undergo perfectly elastic collisions with the walls of the
container. Real gases act like ideal gases at low pressures
and high temperatures.
Real Gases do not exhibit these exact properties, although
the approximation is often good enough to describe real
gases. The properties of real gases are influenced by
compressibility and other thermodynamic effects.
11#
IDEAL GAS LAW
PV = nRT

Where: P = Pressure (psia)
V = Volume (FT
3
)
n = Number of Moles of Gas
(1 mole = 6.02 x 10
23
molecules)
R = Gas Constant (10.73 FT
3
PSIA / lb-mole
o
R)
T = Temperature (
o
R)
12#
REAL GASES
Compressibility Factor (Z) - The term "compressibility"
is used to describe the deviance in the thermodynamic
properties of a real gas from those expected from an
ideal gas.

Real Gas Behavior can be calculated as:

PV = nZRT
13#
STANDARD CONDITIONS
P = 14.7 PSIA
T = 520 deg R (60 deg F)
Behavior of gases in a process can be equally compared
by using standard conditions This is due to the nature
of gases.
14#
ACTUAL CONDITIONS
Standard conditions can be converted to Actual Conditions using
the Ideal Gas Law.
P
S
V
S
= nRT
S
P
A
V
A
= nRT
A
=
P
S
V
S
T
S
P
A
V
A
T
A
=
P
S
T
A
V
S
P
A
T
S
V
A
15#
BERNOULLIS LAW
Bernoulli's Law Describes The Behavior Of An Ideal
Fluid Under Varying Conditions In A Closed System.
It States That The Overall Energy Of The Fluid As It
Enters The System Is Equal To The Overall Energy
As It Leaves.
PE
1
+ KE
1
= PE
2
+ KE
2
PE = Potential Energy
KE = Kinetic Energy
16#
BERNOULLIS EQUATION
Bernoullis Law Is Described By The Following
Equation For An Ideal Fluid.
V
2
> V
1
P
2
< P
1
Increased Fluid Speed
Decrease Fluid Pressure
V
1
, P
1
V
2
, P
2
P
1
+
r gh
1
r V
1
2
+
2
1
= P
2
+
r gh
2
r V
2
2
+
2
1
Pressure
Energy
Kinetic
Energy
Per Unit
Volume
Potential
Energy
Per unit
Volume
Energy Per Unit Volume Before = Energy Per Unit Volume After
17#
HEAD METER THEORY OF OPERATION
Beta Ratio b = d/D Should Be 0.3 0.75
Meter Run Dependent On Piping
Normally 20 Diameters Upstream & 5 Diameters Downstream
18#
dP METER FLOW PRINCIPLES
Flow is measured by creating a pressure drop and applying the flow equation below.

Basic Flow Equation for single phase compressible and non-compressible fluids:
q
m
= Flow
C = Constant
e = Expansion Factor
a = Orifice Area
Dp = P1 - P2
r
1
= Density
b = d / D
d = Diameter of Orifice
D = Diameter of Pipe
19#
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
METER RANGEABILITY
METER RANGEABILITY
NORMAL
RANGE
% MAXIMUM FLOW RATE
%

M
A
X
I
M
U
M

M
E
T
E
R

H
E
A
D

The square root functions impact on a differential pressure device limits
the measurement turndown (rangeability) to between 4:1 and 6:1.
20#
ORIFICE PLATE
A simple device, considered a precision
instrument. It is simply a piece of flat metal
with a flow-restricting bore that is inserted
into the pipe between flanges. The orifice
meter is well understood, rugged and
inexpensive. Its accuracy under ideal
conditions is in the range of 0.75-1.5%. It can
be sensitive to a variety of error-inducing
conditions, such as if the plate is eroded or
damaged.
Orifice Plate
Orifice Flanges
21#
CONCENTRIC ORIFICE PLATE
The most common orifice plate is
the square-edged concentric bored
orifice plate. The concentric bored
orifice plate is the dominant design
because of its proven reliability in a
variety of applications and the
extensive amount of research
conducted on this design. It is
easily reproduced at a relatively
low cost. It is used to measure a
wide variety of single phase, liquid
and gas products, typically in
conjunction with flange taps.
22#
ECCENTRIC ORIFICE PLATE
Eccentrically bored plates are plates with the orifice off center, or eccentric,
as opposed to concentric. This type of plate is most commonly used to
measure fluids which carry a small amount of non-abrasive solids, or gases
with small amounts of liquid, since with the opening at the bottom of the pipe,
the solids and liquids will carry through, rather than collect at the orifice
plate. A higher degree of uncertainty as compared to the concentric orifice.
Eccentric orifice plates are used in many industries including heavy and light
chemicals and petrochemicals.
23#
QUADRANT EDGE ORIFICE PLATE
The quadrant, quadrant edge or quarter-circle orifice is recommended for
measurement of fluids with high viscosity which have pipe Reynolds
Numbers below 10,000. The orifice incorporates a rounded edge of definite
radius which is a particular function of the orifice diameter.

Quadrant in U.S.
Conical in Europe
24#
INTEGRAL ORIFICE PLATE
Integral Orifice Plate
identical to a square-edged orifice plate installation except that the plate,
flanges and DP transmitter are supplied as one unit.
used for small lines (typically under 2) and is relatively inexpensive to
install since it is part of the transmitter
25#
CONDITIONING ORIFICE PLATE
The Conditioning Orifice Plate is designed to be installed downstream of a
variety of disturbances with minimal straight pipe run, providing superior
performance.
Requires only two diameters of straight pipe run after an upstream flow
disturbance
Reduced installation costs
Easy to use, prove, and troubleshoot
Good for most gas, liquid, and steam as well as high temperature and high
pressure applications
26#
VENT AND WEEP HOLES
There are times when a gas may be have a
small amount of liquid or a liquid may have a
small amount of gas but not enough in either
case to warrant the use of an eccentric orifice.
In these cases it is best to simply add a small
hole near the edge of the plate, flush with the
inside diameter of the pipe, allowing undesired
substances to pass through the plate rather than
collect on the upstream side. If such a hole is
oriented upward to pass vapor bubbles, it is
called a vent hole. If the hole is oriented
downward to pass liquid droplets, it is called a
drain hole.
VENT
DRAIN
27#
ORIFICE PLATE SELECTION
CONSIDERATIONS
Quadrant Edge Orifice Plate can be considered if
Reynolds number is too low.
Orifice plate must be specified with proper flange rating
to account for proper bolt circle.
Typical acceptable beta ratio is .25 to .7 for non
commerce meter, .3 to .6 for accounting meter but also
check specifications.
Assure that calculation accounts for vent or drain hole,
if required.
For dual transmitter installation on a common set of
orifice flanges, custom tap locations must be specified.
28#
Gas
Differential pressure is measured through pressure taps located on each
side of the orifice plate. Pressure taps can be positioned at a variety of
different locations.
Flange Taps
Corner Taps
Radius Taps
Vena-Contracta Taps
Pipe Taps
ORIFICE PLATE TAP LOCATIONS
Liquid or Steam
Orifice taps in horizontal
lines should be as follows:
29#
In a Venturi tube, the fluid is accelerated through a converging
cone, inducing a local pressure drop. An expanding section of the
meter then returns the flow to near its original pressure. These
instruments are often selected where it is important not to create a
significant pressure drop and where good accuracy is required.
Used when higher velocity and pressure recovery is required.
May be used when a small, constant percentage of solids is
present.
VENTURI TUBE
30#
FLOW NOZZLE
DP Type Flowmeter
Used when higher velocity & pressure recovery are required
Better suited for gas service than for liquid
31#

Wedge flow meters can be used on just about any liquid or gas, just like
orifice plates. However they are generally chosen for dirty service
applications, or high viscosity applications such as slurry or heavy oil, or
where solids are present. For regular service applications consider other
types of meters first unless wedge meters are specified by customer as
preferred.
Since they are a differential pressure device their sizing calculation is
similar to that of other dP flowmeters.
WEDGE METER
P1
Q
H
D
LP HP
Seal fluid
Transmitter
Seal pots
P2
32#
V-CONE
The V-Cone is similar to other differential pressure (Dp) meters in the
equations of flow that it uses. V-Cone geometry, however, is quite different
from traditional Dp meters. The V-Cone constricts the flow by positioning a
cone in the center of the pipe. This forces the flow in the center of the pipe
to flow around the cone. V-cones can be used with viscous fluids and
require little straight run.

33#
Multivariable Pressure Transmitter
A Multivariable pressure
transmitter provides gauge
pressure, differential
pressure, and temperature
measurement in a single
instrument.
Uses Smart digital HART
communications for multiple
measurements.
Minimizes the number of
transmitters and process
connections
34#
In a pitot tube (insertion DP meter), a probe
consisting of two parts senses two
pressures: impact (dynamic) and static. The
impact pressure is sensed by one impact
tube bent toward the flow (dynamic head).
The averaging-type pitot tube has four or
more pressure taps located at
mathematically defined locations, averaging
the velocity profile across the pipe or flow
area, to measure the dynamic pressure.
The static pressure is sensed through a
small hole on the side (static head). They
develop low differential pressure and like all
head meters they use a differential
pressure transmitter to convert the flow to
an electrical transmission signal.
PITOT TUBE
35#
PITOT TUBE FLOW PRINCIPLES
Pitot tubes make use of dynamic pressure difference. Orifices in the leading face
register total head pressure, dynamic + static, while the hole in the trailing face
only conveys static pressure. Pressure difference between the two gives dynamic
pressure in pipe, from which flow can be calculated.
Basic Mass rate of flow equation for single phase compressible and non-
compressible fluids:
36#
PIP PCCFL001
STRAIGHT RUN REQUIREMENTS
PIP PCCFL001 includes tables for
minimum straight run lengths with
various upstream disturbances,
providing upstream requirements for
different beta ratios and downstream
requirements per beta ratios
regardless of upstream disturbance
type.
37#
DP METER CHARACTERISTICS
Recommended Service: Clean & Dirty Liquids, Gases,
Some Slurries
Rangeability: 3:1 to 6:1
Maximum Flow: 95% of Range
Pressure Loss: 20 to 60% of Measured Head
Accuracy: 0.5 to 4%
Straight Run Reqd: 5 - 40D Upstream, 2-5D Downstream
Viscosity Effect: High
Size: 2 to 24
Connection: Dependent on meter type
Type of Output: Square Root
38#
VARIABLE AREA FLOWMETER (ROTAMETER)
FLOW PRINCIPLES
Rotameters are a variable area device. The float
moves up and down in proportion to the fluid flow
rate and the annular area between the float and the
tube wall. As the float rises, the size of the annular
opening increases. As this area increases, the
differential pressure across the float decreases. The
float reaches a stable position when the upward
force exerted by the flowing fluid equals the weight
of the float. Every float position corresponds to a
particular flow rate for a particular fluid's density
and viscosity. For this reason, it is necessary to size
the rotameter for each application. When sized
correctly, the flow rate can be determined by
matching the float position to a calibrated scale on
the outside of the rotameter. Many rotameters come
with a built-in valve for adjusting flow manually.
39#
VARIABLE AREA (ROTAMETER)
CHARACTERISTICS
Recommended Service: Clean, Dirty &
Viscous Liquids
Rangeability: 10 to 1
Pressure Loss: Medium
Accuracy: 1 to 10%
Straight Run Required: None
Viscosity Effect: Medium
Relative Cost: Low
Sizes: <= 4
Connections: Threaded or Flanged
Type of Output: Linear
40#
Direct mass flow measurement is
generally chosen for more critical
control applications such as the
blending of feedstocks or the
custody transfer of valuable fluids.
Generally chosen for high
rangeability and mass flow
applications, Coriolis technology is
unaffected by changes in
temperature, density, viscosity and
conductivity. In most flow meters
changes in these conditions require
monitoring and correction.
CORIOLIS
41#
CORIOLIS
FLOW PRINCIPLES


Flow is measured by using velocity sensors to detect the twist in the tube
and transmit electrical signals having a relative phase shift that is
proportional to mass flow.

Coriolis meters also measure density, whereby the resonant frequency of
the forced rotation is a function of fluid density.
When the fluid is flowing, it is led through two
parallel tubes. An actuator (not shown) induces a
vibration of the tubes. The two parallel tubes are
counter-vibrating, to make the measuring device
less sensitive to outside vibrations. The actual
frequency of the vibration depends on the size of
the mass flow meter, and ranges from 80 to 1000
vibrations per second.
When no fluid is flowing, the vibration of the two
tubes is symmetrical.

42#
CORIOLIS CHARACTERISTICS
Recommended Service: Clean, Dirty & Viscous Liquids, Gases, Some Slurries
Rangeability: 10 to 1
Pressure Loss: Medium to High
Accuracy: to 0.1% in liquids & to 0.35% in gas
Straight Run Required: None
Viscosity Effect: None
Relative Cost: High
Sizes: >
Connections: Flanged & Clamp-on Design
Type of Output: Linear
43#
THERMAL MASS FLOWMETER
FLOW PRINCIPLES
Thermal mass flow meters introduce heat into the flow stream and measure how much
heat dissipates using one or more temperature sensors. This method works best with
gas mass flow measurement.
The constant temperature differential method have a heated sensor and another
sensor that measures the temperature of the gas. Mass flow rate is computed based
on the amount of electrical power required to maintain a constant difference in
temperature between the two temperature sensors.
In the constant current method the power to the heated sensor is kept constant. Mass
flow is measured as a function of the difference between the temperature of the heated
sensor and the temperature of the flow stream.
Both methods are based on the principle that higher
velocity flows result in a greater cooling effect. Both
measure mass flow based on the measured effects
of cooling in the flow stream.
44#
THERMAL MASS FLOWMETER
CHARACTERISTICS
Recommended Service: Clean, Dirty & Viscous Liquids, Some Slurries,
Gases
Rangeability: 10 to 1
Pressure Loss: Low
Accuracy: 1%
Straight Run Required: None
Viscosity Effect: None
Relative Cost: High
Sizes: 2 to 24
Connections: Threaded, Flanged
Type of Output: Exponential
45#
MAGNETIC FLOWMETER
FLOW PRINCIPLES
A magnetic flow meter (mag flowmeter) is a volumetric flow meter which does not have any
moving parts and is ideal for wastewater applications or any dirty liquid which is conductive
or water based. Magnetic flowmeters will generally not work with hydrocarbons, distilled
water and many non-aqueous solutions). Magnetic flowmeters are also ideal for applications
where low pressure drop and low maintenance are required.

The operation of a magnetic flowmeter or mag meter is based upon Faraday's Law, which
states that the voltage induced across any conductor as it moves at right angles through a
magnetic field is proportional to the velocity of that conductor.
46#
MAGNETIC FLOWMETER
CHARACTERISTICS
Recommended Service: Clean, Dirty & Viscous Conductive Liquids &
Slurries
Rangeability: 40 to 1
Pressure Loss: None
Accuracy: 0.5%
Straight Run Required: 5D Upstream, 2D Downstream
Viscosity Effect: None
Relative Cost: High
Sizes: 1 to 120
Connections: Flanged
Type of Output: Linear
47#
Transit time ultrasonic meters employ two transducers located upstream
and downstream of each other. Each transmits a sound wave to the other,
and the time difference between the receipt of the two signals indicates the
fluid velocity. Transit time meters usually require clean fluids and are used
where high rangeability is required. Accuracy is within 1% for ideal
applications.


ULTRASONIC METER
48#
ULTRASONIC METER FLOW PRINCIPLES
FLOW
Flow is measured by
measuring the difference
in transit time for two
ultrasonic beams
transmitted in a fluid
both upstream and
downstream.

Ultrasonic Meters are
mainly used on large
size lines where high
rangeability is required.
t up
Transmitter/
Receiver (T/R)
t dn
Frequency pulse
Vm = (L / 2 * cos ) * [(T
AB
T
BA
) / (T
AB
. T
BA
)]

Basic Flow Equation: Q = A * V
Transit time difference is proportional
to mean velocity Vm, therefore Vm
can be calculated as follows:
A
B
Transit length L
49#
ULTRASONIC (DOPPLER)
FLOW PRINCIPLES
Ultrasonic flowmeters are ideal for wastewater applications or any dirty
liquid which is conductive or water based.
The basic principle of operation employs the frequency shift (Doppler Effect)
of an ultrasonic signal when it is reflected by suspended particles or gas
bubbles (discontinuities) in motion. Current technology requires that the liquid
contain at least 100 parts per million (PPM) of 100 micron or larger
suspended particles or bubbles.

50#
ULTRASONIC CHARACTERISTICS
Recommended Service: Clean & Viscous Liquids, Natural/Flare Gas
Rangeability: 20 to 1
Pressure Loss: None
Accuracy: 0.25% to 5%
Straight Run Required: 5 to 30D Upstream
Viscosity Effect: None
Relative Cost: High
Sizes: >
Connections: Flanged & Clamp-on Design
Type of Output: Linear
51#
TURBINE METER
Turbine meter is kept in rotation by the
linear velocity of the stream in which it
is immersed. The number of
revolutions the device makes is
proportional to the rate of flow.
52#
TURBINE METER
CHARACTERISTICS
Recommended Service: Clean & Viscous Liquids, Clean Gases
Rangeability: 20 to 1
Pressure Loss: High
Accuracy: 0.25%
Straight Run Required: 5 to 10D Upstream
Viscosity Effect: High
Relative Cost: High
Sizes: >
Connections: Flanged
Type of Output: Linear
53#
Vortex meters can be used on most clean
liquid, vapor or gas. However, they are
generally chosen for applications where
high flow rangeability is required. Due to
break down of vortices at low flow rates,
vortex meters will cut off at a low flow limit.
Reverse flow measurement is not an
option. For regular service applications
this meter is the meter of choice by many
end users.
VORTEX METER
54#
VORTEX METER
FLOW PRINCIPLES
Basic Flow Equation: Q = A * V
Flowing Velocity of Fluid: V = (f * d) / St

f = Shedding Frequency
d = Diameter of Bluff Body
St = Stouhal Number (Ratio between Bluff Body Diameter and Vortex Interval)
A = Area of Pipe
55#
VORTEX CHARACTERISTICS
Recommended Service: Clean & Dirty Liquids, Gases
Rangeability: 10 to 1
Pressure Loss: Medium
Accuracy: 1%
Straight Run Required: 10 to 20D Upstream, 5D Downstream
Viscosity Effect: Medium
Relative Cost: Medium
Size: to 12
Connection: Flanged
Type of Output: Linear
56#
PD meters measure flow rate directly by dividing a stream into
distinct segments of known volume, counting segments, and
multiplying by the volume of each segment. Measured over a
specific period, the result is a value expressed in units of
volume per unit of time. PD meters frequently report total flow
directly on a counter, but they can also generate output pulses
with each pulse representing a discrete volume of fluid.




POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT (PD) FLOWMETER
57#
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT (PD) FLOWMETER
FLOW PRINCIPLES
PD meters have 3 parts:
Body
Measuring Unit
Counter Drive Train
Liquids inlet
pressure exerts a
pressure differential
against the lower
face of oval gear A,
causing the two
interlocked oval
gears to rotate to
position 2.
Liquid enters the cavity
between oval gear B
and meter body wall,
while an equal volume
of liquid passes out of
the cavity between oval
gear A and meter body
wall. Meanwhile, inlet
pressure continues to
force the two oval
gears to rotate to
position 3
Quantity of liquid has
again filled the cavity
between oval gear B and
meter body. This pattern is
repeated moving four
times the liquid capacity of
each cavity with each
revolution of the rotating
gears. Therefore, the flow
rate is proportional to the
rotational speed of the
gears.
58#
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT (PD)
CHARACTERISTICS
Recommended Service: Clean & Viscous Liquids, Clean Gases
Rangeability: 10 to 1
Pressure Loss: High
Accuracy: 0.5%
Straight Run Required: None
Viscosity Effect: High
Relative Cost: Medium
Sizes: >12
Connections: Flanged
Type of Output: Linear
59#
PRACTICES, INDUSTRY STANDARDS
& OTHER REFERENCES
Process Industry Practices (PIP)
PIP PCCGN002 General Instrument Installation Criteria
PIP PCEFL001 Flow Measurement Guidelines
Industry Codes and Standards
American Gas Association (AGA)
AGA 9 Measurement of Gas by Multipath Ultrasonic Meters
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
ANSI-2530/API-14.3/AGA-3/GPA-8185 Natural Gas Fluids
Measurement Concentric, Square-Edged Orifice Meters
Part 1 General Equations and Uncertainty Guidelines
Part 2 Specification and Installation Requirements
Part 3 Natural Gas Applications
Part 4 Background, Development, Implementation Procedures and Subroutine Documentation
American Petroleum Institute (API)
API RP 551 Process Measurement Instrumentation
API RP 554 Process Instrument and Control
API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS):
Chapter 4 Proving Systems
Chapter 5 Metering
Chapter 14 Natural Gas Fluids Measurement
60#
PRACTICES, INDUSTRY STANDARDS & OTHER
REFERENCES
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
ASME B16.36 Orifice Flanges
ASME MFC-1M Glossary of Terms Used in the Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes
ASME MFC-2M Measurement Uncertainty for Fluid Flow in the Closed Conduits
ASME MFC-3M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Orifice, Nozzle and
Venturi
ASME MFC-5M Measurement of Liquid Flow in Closed Conduits Using Transit-Time
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
ASME MFC-6M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Vortex Flow Meters
ASME MFC-7M Measurement of Gas Flow by Means of Critical Flow Venturi
Nozzles
ASME MFC-11M Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Coriolis Mass Flowmeters
ASME MFC-14M Measurement of Fluid Flows Using Small Bore Precision Orifice
Meters
ASME MFC-16M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduit by Means of
Electromagnetic Flowmeter
61#
PRACTICES, INDUSTRY STANDARDS & OTHER
REFERENCES
The International Society for Measurement and Control
(ISA)
ISA S20 Specification Forms for Process Measurement and Control Instruments,
Primary Elements and Control Valves
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ISO 5167 - Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Pressure Differential Devices
Inserted in Circular Cross-Section Conduits Running Full
Part 1: General principles and requirement
Part 2: Orifice Plates
Part 3: Nozzle and Venturi Tubes
Part 4: Venturi Tubes

Other References
Miller, R.W., Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook
ISA Flow Measurement Practical Guides for Measurement and Control,
Spitzer, D.W., Editor
ASME Fluid Meters, Their Theory and Application
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