Applied Anatomy Unit I

 Course Overview
 Textbooks, Units and Exams
 Reference Positions – anatomical
 Planes and Axes
 Basic Movements
 Degrees of Freedom
 PEH 321 Applied Anatomy

 Introduction
Study of the musculoskeletal structure of the living
human body; segments and their movements; bones
and their articulation; muscles and their attachments
and actions; and systemic nerves and their
innervation and function. Special emphasis is
placed on musculoskeletal analysis of basic
exercises and movement patterns.
 Course Delivery

 Division of Distance Education - Blackboard

 Syllabus posted in Blackboard
 Topic Outline with Reading Assignments posted
in Course Documents
 Labs posted in Assignments
 Practice Quizzes posted under quizzes
Textbooks
 Units and Exams

 Unit I Foundation of Human Movement

Exam I Week 3
 Unit II Structural-Functional Relationships of the
Upper Extremity – Exam 2 Week 6
 Unit III Structural-Functional Relationships of the
Lower Extremity – Exam 3 Week 8
 Unit IV Structural-Functional Relationships of the
Trunk and Nervous System – Exam 4 with Final
Week 10,11
 Anatomy vs. Functional
Anatomy
 Anatomy
 Structure of the body

 Focus on structure

 Example: Study of biceps brachii

 Functional Anatomy
 Body components necessary to achieve

goal
 Focus on function

 Example: Analysis of bicep curl

 Skeleton

 Axial
 Head

 Neck Insert figure 1-16, only the

part labeled with the
 Trunk segments of the axial and
appendicular skeleton.
 Appendicular
 Upper extremities

 Lower extremities
 Reference Positions
 Anatomical position
 Standard reference point

 Palms face front

 Fundamental position
 Similar to anatomical position

 Arms more relaxed

 Palms face inward

 Relative angle
 Included angle between two segments
 Relative Position

 Medial – toward midline of the body

 Lateral – away from midline of the body
 Proximal – toward point of attachment
 Distal – away from point of attachment
 Superior – toward the top of the head
 Inferior – toward the bottom of the feet
 Relative Position (cont.)

 Anterior – front, ventral

 Posterior – back, dorsal
 Ipsilateral – on the same side
 Contralateral – on opposite sides
 Planes & Axes

 Plane
 Flat, two-dimensional surface

 Cardinal planes
 Planes positioned at right angles and intersecting

the center of mass

 Axis of rotation
 Point about which movement occurs

 Perpendicular to plane of motion

 Cardinal Planes

 Sagittal
 Left & right halves

 Mediolateral axis

 Frontal (coronal)
 Front & back halves

 Anteroposterior axis

 Transverse (horizontal)
 Upper & lower halves

 Longitudinal axis

 Many other planes exist

 Flexion & Extension

 Flexion
 Decreasing joint angle

 Extension
 Increasing joint angle

 Hyperflexion
 Flexion beyond normal range

 Hyperextension
 Extension beyond normal

range
 Abduction & Adduction

 Abduction
 Moving away from midline

 Adduction
 Moving toward midline

 Hyperabduction
 Abduction past 180° point

 Hyperadduction
 Adduction past 0° point
 Other Movement Descriptors

 Rotation
 Medial (internal) or lateral (external)

 Right/left for head & trunk

 Lateral flexion
 Head or trunk only

 Example: head tilts sideways

 Circumduction
 Movement in a conic fashion
 Movement of the Scapulae

 Elevation – raising the scapula (shrug)

 Depression – lowering the scapula
 Protraction – move scapulae apart
 Retraction – move scapulae together
 Upward rotation – bottom of scapula
moves away from trunk, top moves
toward
 Downward rotation – return to normal
 Specialized Movement Descriptors

 Horizontal adduction
 Combination of flexion & adduction

 Horizontal abduction
 Combination of extension & abduction

 Supination – turn palms frontward

 Pronation – turn palms backward
 Radial flexion – hand toward thumb
 Ulnar flexion – hand toward little finger
 Movement Descriptors of the
Foot

 Plantarflexion
 Increase angle between foot and shank

 Dorsiflexion
 Decrease angle between foot and shank

 Inversion
 Lift medial edge of foot

 Eversion
 Lift lateral edge of foot
 Pronation & Supination
of the Foot

 Pronation & supination of the feet are not the same as

inversion & eversion
 Pronation of the foot
 Dorsiflexion at the ankle

 Eversion in the tarsals

 Abduction of the forefoot

 Supination of the foot

 Plantarflexion at the ankle

 Inversion in the tarsals

 Adduction of the forefoot

 Degrees of Freedom

 Degree of freedom
 Number of planes in which a joint has the ability to move

 1 degree of freedom
 Uniaxial

 Example: Elbow

 2 degrees of freedom
 Biaxial

 Example: Wrist

 3 degrees of freedom
 Triaxial

 Example: Shoulder
 Movement Illustrations

 For the following illustrations can you

describe the joint movements, planes and
axes
 For the last four illustrations of softball
throws can you identify key differences
between skilled and less skilled and between
highly skilled, skilled and less skilled.