Memory Built-in self Repair for

SRAM

Internal Guide : Sri A. Krishna Kumar
At: Vedic institute of VLSI technologies.

By:
Rahul. C (160109735145)
Jai Vardhan. M (160109735134)
Sai Dattatreya. P (160109735150)
Contents

The beginning

Integrated Circuits are essential to many of the products we use every
day such as TVs, cars, radios, home appliances and of course,
computers. Transistors are the main components of microprocessors.

At their most basic level, transistors may seem simple. But their
development actually required many years of painstaking research.
Before transistors, computers relied on slow, inefficient vacuum tubes
and mechanical switches to process information. In 1958, engineers
managed to put two transistors onto a Silicon crystal and create the
first integrated circuit.
Why VLSI?
Integration improves the design
Lower parasitics higher speed
Lower power consumption
Physically smaller
Integration reduces manufacturing cost -
(almost) no manual assembly
Moores Law
Design Hierarchy
System Specifications
Abstract high-level model
Logic Synthesis
Circuit Design
Physical Design
Manufacturing
Finished VLSI Chip
A design team
digital designers
analog designers
verification engineers (the biggest group!)
validation engineers (another large group)
physical designers
software/firmware engineers
production engineers
research engineers
marketing
Feasibility
challenges:

it is difficult to estimate a design without actually building it;
this requires a lot of experience

what can go wrong?:

it is easy to miss a detail in the design specification that
radically changes the cost/power of a design



The Cost of Fabrication
Current cost $2 - 3 billion
Typical fab line occupies 1 city block, employees a
few hundred employees
Most profitable period is first 18 months to 2
years
For large volume ICs packaging and testing is
largest cost
For low volume ICs, design costs may swamp
manufacturing costs
Fabrication Technology
All the devices on the wafer are made at the same time
After the circuitry has been placed on the chip
the chip is overglassed (with a passivation layer) to protect it
only those areas which connect to the outside world will be left uncovered
(the pads)
The wafer finally passes to a test station
test probes send test signal patterns to the chip and monitor the output of the
chip
The yield of a process is the percentage of die which pass this testing
The wafer is then scribed and separated up into the individual chips. These
are then packaged
Chips are binned according to their performance
VLSI Applications
VLSI is an implementation technology for electronic circuitry - analogue or
digital
It is concerned with forming a pattern of interconnected switches and
gates on the surface of a crystal of semiconductor
Microprocessors
personal computers
microcontrollers
Memory - DRAM / SRAM
Special Purpose Processors - ASICS (CD players, DSP applications)
Optical Switches
Has made highly sophisticated control systems mass-producable and
therefore cheap
Testing Memory
Testing is important for any IC
While Manufacturing and Post manufacturing testing
Memories are one of the most universal cores.
the embedded RAMs occupy 90% area
Embedded memory test design has become an essential part of the
system-on-chip (SOC) development infrastructure.
Effective memory diagnostics and failure analysis (FA)
methodologies will help improve the yield of SOC products

WHY MBIST?
Memory is a key component
Difficult to test externally
Need more efficient test methodologies
Embedded memory testing is incresingly
difficult

RAM Architecture
Faults in RAM
Stuck-at-Fault
Transition Fault
Coupling Fault
Address Decoder Fault
Retention Faults
Address Decoder Open Faults
Neighborhood Pattern Sensitive Fault
Memory BIST block diagram
Create Memory
Select Algorithm
Test Pattern Generator
Send Data
Get Data
Compare
Analyze
Repair
ADVANTAGES
Lower cost of test

Better fault coverage

Shorter test times

Easier customer support

Built in repair Facility

CONCLUSION
Memories are the most universal component today.
Almost all system chips contain some type of embedded
memory, such as ROM, SRAM, DRAM, and flash.
Memory testing is very important but challenging.
Memory BIST is considered the best solution due to various
engineering and economic reasons.
Integrating self repair feature improves the chip yield.
Queries
Summary
It was a big talk
At last it finished
Now we Want you to enjoy Friday(Go for a
new movie)