SENSORS

PADMAJ A. MANORE
Content:
Introduction to the Sensors.

History of the Sensors.

Types of the Sensors.

Selection of proper sensors.

Future of the sensors.
Introduction to the Sensors.
A sensor is a device that receives and responds to a
signal



The signal could be heat,light,motion or chemical.

a sensor coverts a signal into an analog or digital representation of
the output

sensors detect and/or measure many different conditions

What are some sensors that you have used?



















Sensor
Input Signal Output Signal
Humans are equipped with 5 different types of sensors.




To detect light To detect certain chemical

To detect To detect sound
Pressure

HISTORY
Sensors have been around for quite some time in various forms. The
first thermostatcame to market in 1883, and many consider this the
first modern, manmade sensor. Infrared sensors have been around
since the late 1940s, even though theyve really only entered the
popular nomenclature over the past few years. Motion detectors
have been in use for a number of years

1883
First high-temperature thermostat sensor was introduced
1949
4370 appliance thermostat debuts; first major product for
commercial use
1956
3 P1966
First electronic connector business security
1976
Electronic controls for microwave oven introduced First PTC
heaters
1992
Low-g accelerometer introduced introducedhase bimetal
breaker introduced
Almost any physical property of a material that
changes in response to some excitation can be used
to produce a sensor

widely used sensors include those that are:
resistive
inductive
capacitive
piezoelectric
photoresistive
elastic
thermal.

Chart

Stimulus Quantity

Acoustic Wave (amplitude, phase, polarization), Spectrum, Wave
Velocity


Biological & Chemical
Fluid Concentrations (Gas or Liquid0
Electric Charge, Voltage, Current, Electric Field (amplitude, phase,
polarization), Conductivity, Permittivity

Magnetic Magnetic Field (amplitude, phase, polarization), Flux,
Permeability


Optical

Refractive Index, Reflectivity, Absorption
Thermal Temperature, Flux, Specific Heat, Thermal Conductivity

Mechanical

Position, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Strain, Stress,
Pressure, Torque

Selection of the proper sensor


Type of Sensing -The mechanism which is used to find whether
object is present or not. There are several kinds of sensor
technologies that can detect the presence of the object.

Electrical Connection-How do I want to make the electrical
connection? Sensors are typically available with three kinds of
electrical connections: a) pre-wired cable with flying leads b)
integrated quick-disconnect connector c) a pre-wired cable with a
molded-on connector (often called a pigtail connector). A fourth
connection type terminal chamber .

Distance to Target- How far away from the object must the sensor
be?
Control Interface-What kind of controller interface and switching
logic is required? These days, most sensors are 3-wire DC
types. There are other types out there, such as 2-wire DC and 2-wire
AC/DC, but by far the vast majority of control systems will require a
3-wire DC sensor.

Special Requirement-There are some some special requirements
such as high ttempreture,high pressure.

Composition of Target -What is the material composition of the
object such as metallic, non-metallic, solid, liquid.



Future of sensors
Sensors have made serious inroads into automotive, medical,
industrial, and aerospace applications. But you ain't seen nothin'
yet. Rising concerns for safety, convenience, entertainment, and
efficiency factors, coupled with worldwide government mandates,
will see sensor usage swell to unprecedented levels.
Add to that the predicted explosion in wireless and consumer
applications, and one can see why sensor manufacturers anticipate
quickly developing huge markets and applications through the end
of this decade. Most of these sensors will be of the
microelectromechanical-system (MEMS) and microsystem-
technology (MST) type, with nanosensors
Some examples are

It will used in Automobile technology(It is only
one example).

To measure inertia, position, proximity,
temperature, flow rate, force, strain, torque,
vibration, and tilt.

As well as it measures vehicle dynamics,
navigation, safety, and steer-by-wire
applications.

There is a new cocept which is called as E-
FIELD which will be used in opening air bags in
vechicle


In Nanotechnology
Sensors for Nanotechnology: Improving and Protecting Health, Safety,
and the Environment is the fifth NSI to be launched by agencies of the
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). The NNI agencies recognize
the considerable potential for nanotechnology to open the door to
the development of inexpensive, portable devices that can rapidly
detect, identify, and quantify biological and chemical substances. As
such, nanosensors are expected to lead to revolutionary applications,
including early disease detection that can result in faster treatments
and better outcomes, as well as the early and accurate detection of
environmental pollutants, contaminants, and even biological or
chemical weapons. Due to the diverse nature of these potential
applications, nanosensors are expected to impact multiple sectors of
the economy, including the healthcare, pharmaceutical, agricultural,
food, environmental, consumer products, and defense sectors.
Thank you