Structural Steel Design

in Flexure
1
Topics to be covered
General Introduction
Design of laterally restrained steel beams
Plate Girders
Design of Gantry Girders
2
General Introduction
Beams are structural members frequently used to carry loads that
are transverse to their longitudinal axis.






They transfer loads primarily by bending and shear.

3
4
Beams in bridges
Beams in buildings
General Introduction
Some of the commonly used sections in industry.


5
Stress and Strain in the Cross-section

Strain





Stress
N.A.
small =
y
plastic
Working stress design
Limit state design
small =
y
plastic
N.A.
small F F
y
F
y
F
y
6
Design considerations
For a beam (loaded predominantly by flexure) two essential
requirements must be met to develop its full moment capacity:

1. The beam as a whole should not buckle laterally.
2. The elements of the beam (i.e. flange and web) should not
buckle locally.
7
Design of laterally restrained beam
The beam is designed for the following:
1. Maximum bending moment
2. Maximum shear
3. Maximum deflection
4. Local buckling web buckling and web crippling

Before proceeding to the design checks, the beam cross section is
classified as per the IS code and the section is preferably selected to
be plastic or compact to utilize the full strength of the cross section.
8
Design for bending

M<Md as per section 8.2 of IS 800 - 2007

where M factored design moment
Md design bending strength

9
Design for shear
10
Note: V < 0.6Vd

Shear influence on bending is
neglected else beam has to be
designed for combined forces
Deflection check
Deflection check describes the limit state
of serviceability for the beam.
Actual deflection must be less then
the allowable deflection.
Actual deflection is calculated for
working loads and not for factored loads.

Table 6 of IS 800 2007 gives the deflection limits
for the design.
11
Web buckling and Web crippling
The application of heavy concentrated loads produces a region of
high compressive stresses in the web either at the support or under
the load. This may cause either the web to buckle as shown in the
Fig (a) or the web to cripple as shown in Fig (b).
12
Web Buckling
13
Dispersion of concentrated loads at 45
o
to evaluate web buckling
As per section 8.7.3 of IS 800 2007,
The web acts as a compression member locally.
Iyy = B.(tw)
3
/12
= (b1+n1) .(tw)
3
/12
Area = B. tw
Rmin = tw /23
effective length = 0.7D
buckling class C
Using the above values allowable stress is found the design is safe if actual
shear stress is below this value.
14
Web crippling
15
16
As per section 8.7.4 of IS 800 2007,
Fw is greater than the factored shear force, the section is safe against web crippling.
The critical local buckling stress of the constituent plate element of a
beam, for a given material and boundary conditions is inversely
proportional to its breadth to thickness ratio. Hence by suitably
reducing the slenderness of the plate elements, its resistance to
local buckling could be enhanced. Once the local buckling is
prevented, the beam can develop its full flexural moment capacity
or the limit state in flexure.
17
PLATE GIRDERS
18
A plate girders consist of a vertical plate called web, and two
flanges each consisting of horizontal plate.
As the span increases, greater depth is required to resist the bending
moment.
For spans less than 15 m the rolled beams or plated beams are used.
But above that (15 m) and till spans to 30 -35 m, the plate girders are
economic.
The weight of the plate girder is greater than that of truss of the
same span but the fabrication costs and maintenance are small.


PLATE GIRDERS
19
Welded plate girder Plate girder
with cover
plates
Bolted plate girder
20
Plate girders are used in both buildings and bridges. In buildings, when
large column-free spaces are designed to be used as an assembly hall,
for example, the plate girder is often the economical solution. In such
cases, the designer must choose between a plate girder and a truss.

Plate girders, in general, have the following advantages over trusses:
1. Connections are less critical for plate girders than for trusses,
particularly statically determinate trusses. In a statically
determinate truss, one poor connection may cause the collapse of
the truss.
2. Fabrication cost of plate girders is less than that of trusses.
3. Plate girders can be erected more rapidly and more cheaply than
trusses.
21
4. Depth of a plate girder is less than the height of a comparable truss.
Consequently, plate girders need less vertical clearance than
trusses. This makes them very attractive for multilevel highway
bridges.
5. Plate girders generally vibrate less than trusses under moving
loads.
6. Painting of plate girders is easier than painting of trusses. This
means less maintenance cost for plate girders.
Stiffeners
22
It is assumed all the bending load is taken by the flange and all the
shear is taken by the web.
The web of the plate girder is a slender section as the depth to
thickness ratio is very large. This makes the web more susceptible to
compressive buckling.
Hence we provide stiffeners. Stiffeners are classified into the following
types:
1. Longitudinal stiffeners
2. Transverse stiffeners
1. Intermediate stiffeners
2. End bearing stiffeners
23
INTERMEDIATE STIFFENERS
Intermediate stiffeners are provided to stiffen the web plate against
buckling and to resist compressive forces transmitted from the web
during tension-field action.

BEARING STIFFENERS
Bearing stiffeners are provided in pairs at the ends of plate girders and,
if required, at points of application of concentrated loads. These
bearing stiffeners should extend roughly to the edges of the flange
plates, and their length should be close to the depth of the web plate
in order to have close bearing with the flange plates. They are
designed as columns with a cross-sectional area which includes a
centrally located strip of the web.
Design of plate girder - WSD

Economic depth of plate girder d= 1.35 (M/b.tw)
0.5
Area of flange: M - Aw

b * d 6

Stiffener requirement:

d/t < 85, no stiffener required
85 < d/t < 200, vertical stiffeners provided
200 < d/t < 250, vertical stiffeners provided along with longitudinal
stiffener at 2/5 d from top flange
250 < d/t < 400, vertical stiffeners provided along with longitudinal
stiffener at 2/5 d from top flange and at neutral axis



24
Design of Gantry Girder
25
Over to the board.!!
Questions welcome
if not..
26