LOGO

Ha thc phm
GVHD: Ts. Nguyn Tin Cng
Thc hin: Nhm 7
Chuyn

1. Cht nh ha (Emusifiers)
H nh tng
Cht nh ha
Bn cht ha hc v liu
lng s dng
Phn loi cht nh ha
La chn cht nh ha
c tnh v chc nng khc
ca cht nh ha
c tnh
1.1. H nh tng
Nh tng l mt h d th.
Gm c t nht mt cht lng khng c kh
nng trn ln hon ton, nm phn tn trong
cht lng khc dng nhng git nh c ng
knh nh hn 10
-7
m.
Khi xut hin 2 pha:
Pha phn tn.
Pha lin tc.
H du nc
Phn loi h nh tng
Nh tng
ln
Nh tng
Nh tng
nh
Da trn kch thc c th chia nh tng
thnh 2 loi
Kch thc git
phn tn: 10
-7
m
C mu trng c.
Km bn nhit ng
Kch thc git phn
tn: 10
-7
- 10
-9
m
Thng trong sut.
Bn nhit ng
(Theo Sharma v Shah)
Cc h nh tng thng gp
trong thc phm
1
H trong
cc git du
phn tn trong
h lin tc l
nc.
Vd: kem sa,
mayonnaise
2
H m trong
cc git nc
phn tn trong
pha lin tuc l
du.
Vd: b,
margarine
3
H nh tng
du trong
nc m cc
git phn tn
ca n c
cha nc.
H du
trong nc
H nc trong
du trong
nc
H nc
trong du
lm tng tnh bn ca h nh tng, ngi ta
phi thm cc cht nh ha vo.
1.2. Cht nh ha
L mt nhm cht hot ng b mt.
Lm n nh s phn tn ca nhng i phn t hay
nhng hp phn khc, nh vo kh nng lm bn h
nh tng.
Trong cu trc phn t ca cht nh ha c c phn
ho nc v phn ho bo.
1.3. Bn cht ha hc
To s n nh ca h keo phn tn
trong pha lin tc. (Bng cch hnh
thnh 1 b mt in tch trn ).
Lm gim sc cng b mt ca cc git
phn tn t lm gim c nng
lng hnh thnh cc git trong h.
Vic la chn cht nh ha da trn
c im ca sn phm cui cng,
phng php, s lng.
LOGO
1.4. Phn loi cht nh ha
Cht
Nh
Ha
Cc dn xut to nh hn hp
Cc loi cht nh ha
Tn Tn thng gp
Ester ca acid bo v Glycerin Monoglyceride (MG)
Ester ca acid acetic v Monoglyceride Acetyl Monoglyceride (AMG)
Ester ca acid lactic v Monoglyceride Lactylated Monoglyceride
(LMG)
Ester ca acid citric v Monoglyceride CMG
Ester ca acid succinic v
Monoglyceride
SMG
Ester ca acid tartaric diacetyl v
Monoglyceride
DATEM
Ester ca acid bo v Polyglycerol PolyGlycerol Ester (PGE)
Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate PGPR
Ester ca acid bo v Sorbitan Sorbitan Ester (DNNN)
Ester ca acid bo v Propylen Glycol PG Ester (PGME)
Ester ca acid bo v Sucrose ng Ester (SE)
Calcium stearoyl di Laciate CSL
Lcithin Lecithin (LC)
Lecithin l cht to nh cho php trn cht bo
vi thc phm ha tan trong nc.
Lecithin ca lng trng tham gia n nh
nh ca du trong nc.
Ngi ta cn s dng dng Lecithin c
hydroxyl ha tng tnh tan ca chng.
Lecithin thng mi c tch t u tng
gm mt vi phospholipid khc nhau:
Nhm Lecithin v cc dn xut
Phosphatidylchloline
Phosphatidylethanamine
Phosphatidylinositol
Phospholipid
Phospholipid l nhm lipid phc tp.
Ngoi glycerin, acid bo cn c H
3
PO
4
v mt s nhm
cht khc.
Trong 3 nhm OH ca glycerin, 1 nhm to lin kt
ester vi H
3
PO
4
to nn acid phosphatic.
Qua H
3
PO
4
ca acid phosphatic lin kt thm vi cc
cht khc s to nn cc loi phospholipid khc nhau.
Phospholipid
Phosphatidyl - cholime (lecithin) c vai tr quan
trng hn c.
L thnh phn ca mng t bo.
Cu trc ca lecithin:
2 phn t acid bo hp dn nhau nn chng cng xp trn
cng mt hng.
u cui ca acid bo cha gc k nc (CH
3
) nn hnh thnh
nn u k nc ca leucithin.
Lin kt gia C
2
v C
3
ca glycerin c th b quay vn i 1 gc
180
o
lm cho nhm P phn cc nm v chiu ngc li vi 2
chui acid bo v hnh thnh u a nc ca leucitin.
Do cu trc c bit m lecithin l mt phn t
va k nc va a nc
Phospholipid
Phospholipid trn vi nc, chng c th lm thnh
lp b mt hay to mixen.
Dng cu trc quan trng nht l cu trc lp kp
phospholipid.
Gm 2 lp lipid quay vo nhau, cc u a nc
quay ra ngoi to lin kt hydro vi cc phn t
nc xung quanh, cn cc u k nc quay vo
trong vi nhau.
Tng phn t c th chuyn ng t pha ny sang
pha kia mt cch tun hon t do.
S phn b ny kh bn vng.
L c s cu trc cho tt c mng t bo.
Cng thc cu to mt vi phospholipid
Phosphatidylethanamine
Phosphatidylinositol
Cng thc cu to mt vi phospholipid
Phosphatidylchloline
Cc phosphatid c c
tnh chung l khng tan
trong axeton.
Thng c dng
mc 5 20g/kg thc
phm.
Khi c 3 nhm hydroxyl ca glycerin b ester ha, sn
phm to thnh l cht bo.
Cc mono v diglyceride l cc sn phm ester ha 1
hay 2 nhm hydroxyl.
L nhm cht nh ha c s dng rng ri nht trong
thc phm.
Lng dng 2,5 n 15g/kg thc phm.
Mi mt acid bo kt hp vi nhm hydroxy ca
glyceryl hnh thnh ester v tch ra 1 phn t nc.
Ester ca acid bo v Glycerin (MG)
Ester ca acid bo v Glycerin (MG)
Glycerin ester acid bo c lm t glycerin,
vt nui v cy trng cc loi du/m hoc
axit bo ca n.
Chng thng c sn xut bng phng
php ester ha.
Glycerin c ba nhm hydroxyl, mt trong s
l ester ha vi mt acid bo v ester c
gi l monoglyceride. Di-v glyxerit-tri c hai
v ba nhm acid bo ester ha nhm
hydroxyl tng ng.
Mono & di glyxerit-c sn xut bng cch
loi b cc glycerin t hn hp.
Cng thc cu to
Monoglyceride
Triglyceride
diglyceride
Acetic Acid Esters of Monoglycerides (AMG)
Km hot ng.
L mt du n nh, gi tr peroxide khng tng, 97,7C
trong 1000 gi.
L mt cht lng cha du thm ch nhit thp. c coi
nh l mt cht bi trn, dung mi, ha do cho vinylacetate
S kt hp ca monoglyceride acetyl ha lng v cc cht bo
hydro ha c th ci thin cht lng ca cc cht bo. V d:
B thc vt c trng vi nhng thay i nhit nh v
phm vi do rng.
Mc d n khng c chc nng nh mt cht nh ha, nhng
vn c s dng to bt v cc loi du m ca chnh n
hoc kt hp vi cht nh ho khc do cu trc n nh alpha-
tinh th ca n.
Thc t, n c s dng nh l cht to bt cht bt, dung
mi, do cho nu rng v cc cht ph cho thc phm.
Lactic Acid Esters of Monoglycerides (LMG)
Kh nng to bt ca n l mnh hn
kh nng to nh tng ca n
Gip ci thin l kh v n nh trong
bnh xp v trong bnh bt khi s
dng kt hp vi monoglycerides chng
ct.
Tng cng kh nng ng t ca sa
khng kem khi s dng kt hp vi cc
cht nh ho bo qun.
Citric Acid Esters of Monoglycerides (CMG)
C nhiu trong du hng dng tinh ch.
Acid citric c lin kt vi monoglyceride.
L mt cht nh ha a nc cao.
Vi mt cu trc alpha-tinh th n nh.
S dng cho b thc vt, sn phm sa (nh
whitener c ph v kem).
Cng c s dng nh mt cht n nh nh
tng cho mayonnaise.
V to lp ph schocolate v hp cht.
Succinic Acid Esters of Monoglycerides (SMG)
Acid succinic l lin kt vi
monoglyceride.
Khng ha tan trong nc lnh, phn
tn trong nc nng, v ha tan trong
ru nng, cht bo v du.
Succinylated monoglyceride mt mui
phc tp vi tinh bt c kh nng phn
ng vi protein.
N c s dng nh l mt thay i
cht bt v cht nh ha mt rt
ngn.
Diacetyl Tartaric Acid Esters of
Monoglycerides (DATEM)
Diacetyl axit tartaric
lin kt vi
monoglyceride.
Phn tn trong nc
lnh v nng, v ha
tan trong cht bo v
du.
L mt cht nh ha a
nc v khng acid.
S dng cho nh tng
ha v to bt ca
mayonnaise, b thc
vt.
Diacetyl Tartaric Acid Esters
Polyglycerol Esters of Fatty acids (PGE)
Acid bo c este ha vi polyglycerine.
Phn tn trong nc v ha tan trong du.
Lipophilicity v hydrophilicity ca n c rt
nhiu thay i ph thuc mc trng hp v
loi acid bo.
HLB ca n khong 3-13.
c s dng trong nhiu loi thc phm nh
l cht nh ha cho cc sn phm sa c cha
axit v cc mui v kim sot s kt tinh ca
cc loi m.
Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate (PGPR)
(E476)
L mt cht lng c nht cao.
C mu vng snh.
Khng tan trong nc v ethanol, tan trong
cht bo v du.
N c s dng nh mt cht gim hm lng
cht bo v nht cho s c la.
L mt hn hp ca cc este sorbitol v ester
sorbide.
S dng nh l cht nh ha cho kem.
c s dng rng ri nh mt cht nh ha
ln kt hp vi cht nh ho khc vi cc chc
nng khc nhau.
Sorbitan Esters of Fatty Acids (Sorbitan ester)
Propylene Glycol Esters of Fatty Acids (PG ester)
c lin kt bi lin kt ester v sn phm
thu c t cc este ha lin l mt hn hp
ca monoester v diester.
tch monoester vi cc hiu ng b mt,
tinh khit cao, sn phm ca monoester
c sn xut bng cch chng ct phn t
cng nh monoglyceride ct.
N c t tc nhn hot ng, nhng c xu
hng gi alpha-tinh th cu trc ca n.
C th s dng nh mt cht to bt khi kt
hp vi monoglyceride, nn c s dng nh
l cht to bt, bt cho bnh v mn trng
ming, nc rt ngn
Sucrose Esters of Fatty Acids (Sucrose ester)
N l mt hp cht ca sucrose v acid bo,
trong c HLB t 1 n 16
Do s tri rng HLB, nn c nhiu chc nng
khc nhau.
N c s dng nh mt kem v cht phn
tn cho kem v cc bacteriocidal cho c ph
ng hp.
Calcium Stearoyl-2-Lactate (CSL)
2 acid lactic v acid stearic lin kt vi canxi
L mt hn hp bao gm c acid stearic cha
phn ng v mui.
N l mt cht nh ha anion c kh nng lin
kt mnh vi protein v c s dng nh l
mt cht nh ha i vi thc phm bt nho
bt nh l bnh m.
Do h nh tng c 2 pha, khi la
chn cht nh ha cn quan tm n
tnh tan ca n trong mi pha.
Trong qu trnh s dng,
ngi ta thng dng gi
tr HLB nh gi mc
a du hay a nc ca
cht nh ha.
T c th la chn loi
no ph hp vi sn phm
c th.
Nu HLB thp (c nhiu
gc a nc hn so vi gc
a du) th cht nh ha
ny ph hp vi h nc
trong du v ngc li.
HLB =
Hydrophilic
Lipophilic
1.5. La chn cht nh ha
V d: Sa ti vi thnh phn cht bo xp x 3%,
cn li khong 97% l nc v cc cht tan trong
nc, h nh tng du nc. Cht nh ha cn dng
trong trng hp ny cn c tan trong nc ln
hn tan trong du.
Ngc li vi sn phm magarine thuc loi h
nc/ du (du v cc cht tan trong du chim 80-
85%, pha nc khong 15-20%), cht nh ha cn c
kh nng tan trong du ln hn kh nng tan trong
nc.
Thng thng cc cht nh ha c HLB trong
khong 1-20. Cc cht nh ha c HLB = 36 thch
hp cho h nh tng nc/du trong khi ,cc cht
c HLB = 818 thch hp cho h nh tng du nc .
La chn cht nh ha
Gi tr HLB ca mt s cht nh ha
Cht nh ha
HL
B
Cht nh ha
HL
B
Sorbitan monostearate 5,7
Polyoxyethylene (5)
Morbitan Monooleate
10,9
Sorbitan monopalmitate 6,6
Polyoxyethylene (20)
sorbitan monooleate
15,8
Sorbitan monolaurate 6,6
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan
monostearate
14,9
Propyleneglycol
monostearate
4,6 Glycerol lacto-Palmitate
3,7
Glycerol monostearate 3,7
Este ca Monoglycerid
vi acid succinic
5,3
Diglycerol monostearate 5,5
Sodium Stearoyl 2
Lactylate
21,0
1.6. c tnh chc nng khc
Nh ha h du/nc.
Nh ha h nc/du.
1.6. c tnh chc nng khc
Ngn chn s phn tch cht bo.
Lm xp.
Chng dnh.
1.6. c tnh chc nng khc
Tng tan.
Cht ngm.
Gi m.
Chng to bt.
1.6. c tnh chc nng khc
Tng c.
Kim sot nht.
n nh mi.
Chng bn, n cho du m
1.6. c tnh chc nng khc
Cc nghin cu ca Schuster v Adam
(1983) cho thy ngoi kh nng to
nh, Lecithin cn c nhiu u im
khc:
Lm tng kh nng hp th nc ca
thc phm.
S dng lecithin c th gim c thi
gian phi trn.
Ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm.
1.6. c tnh
Nhiu cht nh ha an ton vi ngi s
dng, th khng cn quy nh.
V d: cc lecithin, mono, dyglycerid ca acid
bo. Cc este ca mnglyxerit vi cc hydroxy
acid (acid lactide, acid citride, acid sucinide)
1.6. c tnh
Tuy nhin, mt s cht khc b gii hn v
liu lng, v cn c vo ch s ADI.
Sodium-2-lactylate c ADI = 20mg.
Polyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate;
Polyethylene sorbitan monolaurate;
Polyethylene sorbitan monostearate; cc este
sorbitan c ADI = 25mg.
Polyglycerol polyricinoleate c ADI = 7.5mg.
c tnh ca cyclohexylamine
Nm 1966, nhng nghin cu M tm ra mt s vi khun trong
rut di tc dng ca cyclamate sinh ra sn phm
cyclohexylamine mt cht gy c tnh trng din trn chut.
Nm 1969, nghin cu thc nghim trn cyclamate vi sarcharin
vi t l 10:1 th thy chut th nghim xut hin ung th bng
quang.
Mt nghin cu khc cng b clohexylamine lm ph i tinh
hon ca chut nht trng.
V nhng bng chng kh thuyt phc trn nn C quan thc
phm v thuc ca M (FDA) cm s dng cht to ngt
cyclamate trn ton nc M.
Tuy nhin 44 quc gia khc, cyclamate vn ang c s
dng trong ch bin thc phm, v l cht to ngt dng
nh la cm gic thm ca bnh nhn tiu ng.
nc ta cyclamate cng nm trong danh mc cm s dng.
2. Cc cht iu chinh chc ca sn phm
2.1. Khi nim
chc cn c gi l
c ca sn phm.
L mt thng s dng
nh gi thc phm
v mt thm my cng
nh cht lng.
Nhm cht to chc
l cc polysaccharide.
2.2. C ch
Cc polysaccharide c
KLPT ln nn khi phn tn
vo dung dch lm cho
nht tng mnh.
Cc polysaccharide c
hnh thnh t cc phn t
hexozo hay pentozo.
Trn mi n v mc xch
ny li cha nhiu nguyn
t oxy hoc nhm carboxyl
to lin kt hidro kh tt, d
dng c solvat ha trong
nc.
2.2. C ch
Sau khi phn tn vo dung dch, cc
polysaccharide ng vai tr nh nhng ht
keo, to thnh mt khi ng nht, vng
chc thng gi l gel.
Nu tch chng ra khi dung dch thng
ko theo cc phn t ca dung mi.
cc chui phn t c tch ra cng c
kh nng to lin kt vi nhau thng qua
lin kt hidro v to thnh mng tinh th
khng gian bn vng.
2.3. Phn loi
Cc cht to chc thng gp:
Pectin
Agarose
Acid alginic
Carboxylmethyl cenlulose (CMC)
Gelatine
CaCl
2
(c ni s dng CuSO
4
)
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng cc cht to ng t thc
vt: Algin, Natri alginat, Gum Arabic, Caragenam
Ngun gc ca Pectin
Pectin cha nhiu trong
cc loi qu ca tri cy:
To, mn, cam, chanh, c
rt, sn tr, l, c chua

Ngun gc ca Pectin
Trong qu trnh pht
trin v gi chn ca
rau qu, hm lng
pectin lun bin i.
Thng cao nht khi
chn ti, sau gim
dn do b demetoxin
ha v depolymer
ha.
Khi b thi ra th
hm lng pectin b
phn hy.
Thnh phn v hm lng ca pectin trong
cc loi qu tnh theo % nh sau:



Tn
rau
qu

Tinh
bt
ng
Pectin

Xenlol
oza
Saccha
roza
Glucoz
a
Fructo
za
Cng
Khoai
ty
17.7 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.7 1.0
Ci
bp
0 0.1 2.6 1.6 4.3 0.3 1.2
C rt 0 3.7 2.9 - 6.6 0.4 1.0
C
chua
< 0.1 0.2 1.5 1.0 2.8 0.1 0.9
Hnh 0 6.3 1.3 1.2 8.8 0.3 0.8
Cam 0 3.6 1.3 1.5 7.4 0.7 0.3
Qut 0 4.9 1.0 1.5 7.4 0.7 0.3
Chanh 0 0.9 0.6 0.6 2.1 1.1 0.5
Mn 0 5.4 3.4 0.8 9.6 1.1 0.6
Cu to ha hc ca Pectin
Phn t pectin l mt polysaccaride d th, mch thng.
L dn xut methyl ca acid pectic.
Acid pectic l mt polymer ca acid D-galacturonic.
Mi chui gm khong 10000 phn t galacturonic to
thnh mt phn t pectin M = 10000 -100000 vC.
Lin kt pectin
Phn t pectin lin kt vi nhau bng
lin kt 1-4 glucoside.
Phn t Pectin
c im Pectin
Dng bt mu trng hoc hi vng, hi xm,
hi nu.
C kh nng to gel bn.
Trong cn v dung dch mui th pectin b kt
t.
B ph hy khi un nng nhit cao trong
thi gian di lm gim tnh ng ca sn
phm khi c c.
Pectin tan trong nc to thnh dung dch c
tnh keo cao. Keo pectin c nht v bn
rt ln nn gy kh khn trong qu trnh lm
trong khi c c nc qu.
c im ca pectin
Trong qu trnh chn, di tc dng ca enzim
pectinaza hoc vi s tham gia ca acid hu c,
protopectin b thy phn thnh pectin ha tan cng
lc lin kt gia cc t bo gim.
Khi qu chn pectin ha tan thnh acid pectic.
Pectin khng tan trong dung dch ethanol.
Tnh cht quan trng ca pectin l c th to ng
nng thp (1-1,5%) khi c mt ca ng 60-
70% v acid 1%.
Kh nng to ng ph thuc vo ngun pectin, mc
metoxin ha v phn t lng ca pectin.
Pectin ly t ngun gc khc nhau th kh nng to
gel khc nhau.
c im ca pectin

Hp cht pectin cn c c trng bi 2
ch s quan trng:
Ch s methoxyl (MI) biu hin cho phn
trm khi lng nhm methoxyl OCH
3
c
trong phn t pectin.
Ch s este ha (DE) th hin mc
este ha ca cc phn t acid galactoronic
trong phn t pectin.
c im ca pectin
Trong qu trnh bo qun c th b tch nc hoc
lo ha.
Cc pectin u l nhng cht keo ho nc, c kh
nng hydrat ha cao.
Trong phn t pectin c mang in tch m nn
chng c kh nng y ln nhau c kh nng lm
gin mch v lm tng nht ca dung dch.
Khi lm gim tch in v hydrat ha, si pectin
xch li gn nhau v tng tc vi nhau to nn mt
mng li ba chiu rn cha pha lng bn trong.
Phn loi pectin
Pectin methoxyl ha cao:
(High Methoxyl Pectin HMP): DE >50% hay
MI > 7%.
Cht ny c th lm tng nht cho sn
phm.
Mun to ng cn phi c iu kin pH = 3,1
3,4 v nng ng trn 60%.
Phn loi pectin
Pectin methoxyl ha thp:
(Low Methoxyl Pectin LMP): DE < 50% hay MI < 7%.
c sn xut bng cch gim nhm methoxyl trong
phn t pectin.
Pectin methoxy thp c th to ng trong mi trng
khng c ng.
Chng thng c dng lm mng bao bc cc sn
phm.
Phn loi pectin
Pectin ha tan: methoxy polygalacturonic.
Pectin khng ha tan: protopectin l dng kt
hp ca pectin v araban.
Methoxy polygalacturonic
Ngoi ra pectin cn c phn thnh 2 loi:
ng dng ca pectin
Pectin l cht to gel
quan trng nht,
c s dng to
ra cu trc gel cho
thc phm.
Kh nng to gel ca
n c s dng
trong nhng thc
phm cn c s n
nh ca nhiu pha.
ng dng ca pectin
Tc dng to gel ca pectin c s dng ch
yu trong cc sn phm mt tri cy v mt
ng. To cu trc mt khng b thay i trong
qu trnh vn chuyn, to mi v thm ngon
cho sn phm v gim s ph v cu trc.
Trong mt s trng hp, pectin cn c s
dng vi carageenan tng hiu qu to gel.
Ngun gc ca agar
Agar c nhiu trong t bo vy
tr ca cc loi rong (loi
Rhodophyceae). C nhiu trong
cc loi Gelidium, Gracilaria,
Pterocladia, Ahnfeltia
Hm lng agar trung bnh ca rong
trn th gii dao ng t 20 -
40%.
Trong khi th rong ca Vit
Nam cha t 24 - 45% khi lng
rong kh.
Gelidium
S phn b ca cc agar trn th gii
Loi a im
Gelidiella acerosa Nht Bn, n , Trung Quc
Gelidium amansii Nht Bn, Trung Quc
Gelidium cartilagineum My, Mexico, Nam Phi
Gelidium lp sng Nam Phi, B o Nha, Ty Ban
Nha, Morocco
Gelidium liatulum Nht Bn
Gelidium lingulatam Chil
Gelidium pacificum Nht Bn
Gelidium pristoides Nam Phi
Gelidium sesquipedale B o Nha, Morocco
Gracilaria spp. Nam Phi, Philippines, Chile,
Trung Quc, n , Hoa K
Pterocladia capilacea Ai Cp, Nht Bn, New
Zealand
Pterocladia Lucida New Zealand
Ahnfeltia plicata Lin X
Sn lng agar trn th gii (1980)
Quc gia Sn lng
(tn)
Hn Quc 11,308
Chil 7,100
Ty Ban Nha 5,000
Nht Bn 4,000
Philippines 1,470
Mxico (1977) 1,200
Argentina 1,200
B o Nha 1,100
Morocco 1,000
Lch s hnh thnh agar
Agar l phycocolloid
u tin pht hin
(gia th k 17),
(Nht Bn).
C nhiu tn gi
khc nhau. V d:
Kanten (Nht Bn),
Dongfen (Trung
Quc)
Gel agarose
Cu trc Agar
Agar l mt hn hp ng nht ca hai loi
polysaccharide: agaropectin v agarose.
L mt polymer tuyn tnh, to thnh t cc n v
monomeric lp i lp li ca agarobiose.
Cu trc ca agar
Agarose:
L mt polysaccharide trung
tnh.
Chim s lng nhiu, (50
90%).
Cu to mch chnh: -D
galactopyranose v 3,6-
anhydro--L-galactopyranose
lin kt xen k nhau bng lin
kt -1,4 v -1,3.
N to nn tnh ng ca
agar.
a) Agarose
b) 6-galactan sulfate
c) agarose pyruvated
Cu trc ca agar
Agaropectin:
L mt polysaccharide tch
in m.
Cc phn t ngn hn
agarose, v s lng t hn.
Cu trc ca n l mch
nhnh v b sunfat ha. C
th c methyl ha
nhm th acid pyruvic
ketal.
Lm cho agar c tnh nhy.
Agaropectin
Cu trc ca agar
Mng li ca agarose gel c cha xon kp
hnh thnh t tay tri gp ba xon.
Nhng xon kp c n nh bi s hin din
ca cc phn t nc b rng buc bn trong
cc khoang xon kp. bn ngoi, nhm
hydroxyl cho php agar kt hp ln n 10.000
phn t nc to suprafibers.
Agarose polymere
Cu trc ca agar
Cu trc ca mt phn t agarose
c im ca agar
L mt cht kh, v nh hnh,ging nh
gelatin, khng m.
Agar dng trong cng nghip thc phm l
mt loi bt mu sng hay l nhng si mnh
mu c.
C kh nng duy tr tnh bn vng ca n
trn nhit h ha.
Gel agar l mt gel mnh nht tng c bit
n.
Thng s dng kt hp vi mt s cht khc
nh gum tragacanth, gelatin.
u im ca agar
Agar d tan trong nc nng.
To gel cng nng thp, khng cn thit cc cht
h tr v pH.
Khng nh hng ti mu v sn phm.
C s khc bit gia nhit nng chy v nhit to gel.
ng dng ca agar
Agar n nh cht
ph v ngn cn s
bm dnh ca lp
ph ng trn b
mt thc phm.
Agar lm tng
nht ca men, tng
bm dnh, nhanh
kh v t b nt.
Agar ngn chn men
tan chy.
ng dng ca agar
Agar c s dng
nh bt n trong
bnh m calorie thp.
Agar c s dng
nh bt n trong
bnh m calorie thp.
ng dng ca agar
S dng trong cng
ngh hp
Ch bin xc xch
gi m, ngn
nga s bay hi,
mt trng lng.

Agar s dng trong
kem pho mt v sa
chua.
Cc loi sn phm
khc t thch nh
rau cu.
ng dng khc ca agar
Lm mi trng trong cng ngh nui cy m.
S dng trong nha khoa.
Nhum mu trong cng nghip dt, giy.
S dng trong y khoa.
Thnh phn trong cc loi my phm.
V trong mt s ngnh cng nghip khc.
Ngun gc ca acid alganic
Cn c gi l algin hoc
alginate.
Alginic axit c pht hin u
tin bi Stanford (1881).
C nhiu trong cc thnh t
bo ca cc loi to nu,
to b Macrocystis pyrifera,
nodosum Ascophyllum, v
cc loi Lamminaria. di
dng mui alginat.
Acid alginic
Alginic acid l
polysaccharide c
tnh acid.
Tinh th c mu
trng hoc mu nu
dng si, dng ht,
hoc bt mu vng.
Cng thc phn t:
(C
2
H
8
O
6
)
n

Khi lng phn t:
32.000-200.000 vC
Acid alginic
L mt polysaccharide tch in m.
N l mt cht ng trng hp tuyn tnh.
Cc monome thng c sp xp theo khi
homopolymeric cch nhau bi cc khu vc xp
x mt chui lun phin ca cc monome axit.
Acid alginic
c to thnh t chui cc phn t acid -
D-mannuronic v acid -L-guluronic, lin
kt vi nhau bi lin kt 1,4-glucozide
c im ca acid alginic
Cc acid alginic thng di dng
natri alginat.
t tan trong nc (ging cc
polysaccharide).
Khi ha tan vo nc, d to dung dch
nht, gi l sol agar.
nht ph thuc chiu di phn t v
nhit .
c im ca acid alginic
To c dng sol nng thp.
Nhng d b gim nht nhit
cao.
Mun bo qun sn phm c cha
alginat th cn phi thm cht bo
qun.
nht v b ngoi khng ph thuc
vo nhit .
To gel nhit phng vi s c mt
ca ion canxi.
ng dng
Lm cht bo v kem :
Ngn nga to ra cc tinh th
bng.
c ch hon ton s to thnh
tinh th ca Lactose.
Nh ha cc cu bo.
Lm bn bt.
To nht cho kem.
To gel, c kh nng gi nc
cho kem.
Lm cho kem khng b tan chy
ng dng
Tinh ch ru (lm trong).
Trong quy trnh ch bin sa.
Trong sn xut b, bnh ko, pho mat, nc
gii kht, cc mt hng ng lnh.
Lamizell (mt hp cht ca axit Alginic, mui
kp ca Natri v Canxi) to ra c mt
nht c bit v c kh nng kch thch n
ngon ming.
ng dng khc
Trong cng nghip dt.
Trong cng nghip giy.
Trong cng nghip sn xut t nhn to.
Trong y hc v dc hc.
Trong cng ngh my phm
Trong xy dng dn dng.
Trong cng ngh luyn kim, cao su.
Lm mi trng c nh enzyme.
Dng lm cht kh tinh th.
Dng lm cht thuc da.
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
Cng thc phn t: (C
6
H
9
OCH
2
COONa)
n.
Trng lng phn t t 40.000-200.000 v.C.
Mu trng hoc hi vng, gn nh khng mi.
ht ht m, bt hoc si nh.
Ln u tin c sn xut vo nm 1918.

CMC c iu ch t cenllilose.
Cng thc cu to
Tnh cht
Phn t ngn hn so vi cenllulose
D tan trong nc v ru.
Dng trong thc phm vi liu lng
0,5-0,75%.
C dng mui v acid u l tc nhn
to ng tt.
To khi ng vi m cao (98%).
chc v to ng cn ph thuc
vo hm lng acetat nhm.
Tnh cht
Hu ht cc CMC tan nhanh trong nc lnh.
Gi nc bt c nhit no.
Cht n nh nh tng, s dng kim
sot nht m khng gel.
Cht lm c v cht n nh nh tng.
CMC c s dng nh cht kt dnh khun
mu cho cc ci tin do.
L mt cht kt dnh v n nh, hiu lc phn
tn c bit cao khi tc dng trn cc cht
mu.
ng dng
ng dng trong sn xut thc phm
C th kim sot nht ca ch bin thc phm.
Gia hn thi hn s dng.
Duy tr s n nh ca cht lng thc phm.
Hnh thnh mt lp bao bc bn ngoi thc phm
chin, ngn chn s hp th qu nhiu cht bo.
n nh vi tc cht ha hc, nhit, nh sng n
nh.
C mt s tnh cht chng nm mc.
Trao i cht qun tnh: l mt ph gia thc phm,
khng trao i cht, lng calo trong thc phm
khng c sn.
lm chm s hp thu staling v gim cht bo trong cc
loi thc phm chin.
ng dng khc
Trong nng nghip, nh l mt cht lm c, cng nh
cht kt dnh v chng k sinh trng.
L mt cht kt dnh cho hn hp bt cho pelletization.
Trong c khun.
Trong men cho gm s cng nghip.
L mt cht chuyn th trong xi mng v nha ri ng.
Trong cng nghip dt may, nh l mt thnh phn xy
dng h si.
Trong ngnh cng nghip giy, nh l mt cht kt dnh
ca lp ph ng.
L mt cht n nh ca cht ty ra v x phng
Trong du kh cng nghip, nh l mt ph gia cho bn
khon.
Gelatin
Nm 1840, tuy nhin, mt s nh sn
xut nghin c gelatin.
Gelatin l cht protein c ngun gc t
collagen (mt protein t nhin c mt
gn, dy chng v cc m ca ng vt
c v).
c sn xut bng cch un si cc
m lin kt, xng v da ng vt,
thng l b v ln.
Phn loi
C hai loi chnh ca gelatin:
Loi A vi im in iso ca 7-9, c
ngun gc t collagen vi tin x l
acid c quyn
Loi B vi im in iso ca 4,6-5,4, l
kt qu ca mt tin x l kim ca
collagen
Cu to
Cu to l
mt chui
acid amin
gm: glyxin,
prolin,
hydroprolin.
Cu to
Trng lng
phn t t
20.000-70.000
vC.
L cc polypeptit
cao phn t dn
xut t collagen.
Cc acid amin
lin kt vi nhau
to chui xon
c c kh nng
gi nc.
Tnh cht
Khng tan trong nc lnh, nhng
trng n trong nc lnh.
Khi gia nhit th n nng chy, v to
li gel khi lm lnh.
C nhit nng chy thp (27-34
o
C).
tan ph thuc vo nhit , kch
thc ca ht gelatine.
Tan trong ru v cc dung mi hu c.
ng dng
Gelatin khng phi l mt
thc phm protein hon
chnh.
Trong sn xut kem.
Trong sn xut sa, pho
mt.
Cng ngh bnh ko.
ng dng
Keo bo v chng li
kt tinh.
Trong cc sn phm
sa nui cy.
S dng trong dc
phm.
Ti liu tham kho
http://www.hoahocngaynay.com/index.php/vi/nghien-cuu-giang-
day/bai-nghien cuu/86-pectin-va-ung-dung.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar
http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB730E/AB730E03.htm
http://www.fao.org/docrep/w6355e/w6355e04.htm
http://longdinh.com/default.asp?act=chitiet&ID=542&catID=1
http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jecfa-
additives/specs/Monograph1/additive-396-m1.pdf
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Gelatin.html
http://thuviensinhhoc.com/gioi-tinh/suc-khoe-sinh-
san/2952?joscclean=1&comment_id=790
http://www.rikenvitamin.jp/int/emulsifier/basic/kind.html

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