1

Common Mode Rejection Ratio

(CMRR) in Differential Amplifiers
Pete Semig
Analog Applications Engineer-Precision Linear
2
Outline
Definitions
Differential-input amplifier
Common-mode voltage
Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
Common-mode rejection (CMR)
CMRR in Operational Amplifiers
CMRR in Difference Amplifiers
CMRR in Instrumentation Amplifiers
CMRR in Hybrid Amplifiers
3
Differential Input Amplifier
Differential input amplifiers are devices/circuits that can input and
amplify differential signals while suppressing common-mode signals
This includes operational amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers, and
difference amplifiers
Difference
Amplifier
Instrumentation
Amplifiers
Operational
Amplifier
4
Common-Mode Voltage
For a differential input amplifier, common-mode voltage is defined as the
average of the two input voltages. [2]




-
+
+
Vp
+
Vn
-
+
Vo
V
cm
=
V
p
+V
n
2
5
Common-Mode Voltage (Alternate defn.)
For a differential amplifier, common-mode voltage is defined as the average of
the two input voltages. [2]



( ) ( )
gain mode - Common
gain mode - al Differenti
where
=
=
+ =
cm
dm
cm cm id dm out
A
A
V A V A V
-
+
Vout
Vcm
-
+
Vid
Vid/2
Vid/2
-
+
IOP1
V
cm
=
V
p
+V
n
2
where
V
p
=V
cm
+
V
id
2
V
n
=V
cm
-
V
id
2
6
Common-Mode Voltage
Ideally a differential input amplifier only responds to a differential input voltage,
not a common-mode voltage.
V-
V+
V-
V+
Vb 0
Va 0
-
+
Vid
Vs+ 5
Vs- 5
Vcm 0
-
+
+ 3
2
6
7
4
OP1
-
+
Vo 0V
0V
V-
V+
Vb 0
Va 0
-
+
Vid
Vcm 1
-
+
+ 3
2
6
7
4
OP1
-
+
Vo 0V
0V
V-
V+
Vb 0
Va 1m
-
+
Vid
Vcm 1
-
+
+ 3
2
6
7
4
OP1
-
+
Vo 3.826745V
1000uV
7
CMRR and CMR
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio is defined as the ratio of the differential gain to
the common-mode gain




CMR is defined as follows [2]:


CMR and CMRR are often used interchangeably
cm
dm
A
A
CMRR =
( ) ( ) CMRR dB CMR
10
log 20 =
8
Ideal Differential Amplifier CMRR
What is the CMRR of an ideal differential input amplifier (e.g. op-amp)?
Recall that the ideal common-mode gain of a differential input amplifier is 0.
Voltage Amplifier Model [1]





Also recall the differential gain of an ideal op-amp is infinity.
So

0

= =

cm
dm
cm
dm
OA ideal
A
A
A
A
CMRR
Vs
Rs
Ri
-
+
-
+
VCVS
-
+
Vi
Vi
Ro
Rload
-
+
Vo
Source Amplifier
A
dm
->Infinity
Load
9
Real Op-Amp CMRR
In an operational amplifier, the differential gain is known as the open-
loop gain.
The open-loop gain of an operational amplifier is fixed and determined
by its design
10
Real Op-Amp CMRR
However, there will be a common-mode gain due to the following
Asymmetry in the circuit
Mismatched source and drain resistors
Signal source resistances
Gate-drain capacitances
Forward transconductances
Gate leakage currents
Output impedance of the tail current source
Changes with frequency due to tail current sources shunt capacitance
These issues will manifest themselves through converting common-
mode variations to differential components at the output and variation of
the output common-mode level. [4]

11
Resistor Mismatch
Lets look at the case of a slight
mismatch in drain resistances [4] in the
input stage (diff-in, diff-out) of an op-amp
What happens to Vx and Vy as Vin,cm
changes?
Assuming M1 and M2 are identical, Vx
and Vy will change by different amounts:



This imbalance will introduce a
differential component at the output
So changes in the input common-mode
can corrupt the output signal
12
Transistor Mismatch
What about mismatches with respect to M1
and M2?
Threshold mismatches
Dimension mismatches
These mismatches will cause the transistors
to conduct slightly different currents and
have unequal transconductances.
We find the conversion of input common
mode variations to a differential error by the
following factor [4]
( ) 1
2 1
+ +
A
=

SS m m
D m
DM CM
R g g
R g
A
13
Tail Current Source Capacitance
As the frequency of the CM disturbance increases the capacitance shunting
the tail current source will introduce larger current variations. [4]

OPA333
14
Modeling CMRR
Now that we understand what CMRR is and what affects it in operational
amplifiers, lets see how it can affect a circuit.
First, however, we need to understand the model
To be useful, CMRR needs to be referred-to-input (RTI)
We can therefore represent it as a voltage source (aka offset voltage) in series
with an input. The magnitude (RTI) is Vcm/CMRR [2]
-
+
Vo
Vcm/CMRR
+
Vn
+
Vp
-
+
15
OA CMRR Error
Example: non-inverting buffer
( )
( )
CMRR V
V
A
A
CMRR
A
V
V
CMRR
AV A V
CMRR
AV
AV AV V
CMRR
V
V V A V
V V
CMRR
V
V V
Vn Vp A V
p
O
p
O
p O
p
O p O
p
O p O
O cm
cm
O n
O
1
1
As
1
1
1
1
1 1
that Note


+
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|
= +
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
~
=
=
Vn
-
+
Vo
Vcm/CMRR
+
Vp
-
+
A
16
Real CMRR Example
To understand the effects CMRR can have at the output of a device,
lets look at an example.
OPA376 PDS
Notice the Vcm is specified at the top of the page
Deviation from this value will induce an offset error
Remember CMRR is RTI
17
Real CMRR Example
Remember
In reality, CMRR is measured by changing the input common-mode voltage
and observing the output change.
For an operational amplifier, this is usually done with a composite amplifier
It is then referred-to-input by dividing by the gain and can be though of as an
offset voltage
From reference [3], in TI datasheets CMRR is defined as follows so that the
value is positive



) ( log 20 ) (
10
CMRR dB CMR =
os
cm
V
V
CMRR
A
A
=
18
Real CMRR Example
For the OPA376, CMRR(min)=76dB. Note this is really CMR!
uV
V
V
V
V
V
V
dB
CMRR dB CMR
os
os
cm
os
cm
5 . 158
5 . 6309
1
mode common in change 1V a For
5 . 6309 10
log 20 76
) ( log 20 ) (
20
76
10
10
= = A
A
A
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
=
=
19
CMRR of Difference Amplifiers
A difference amplifier is made up of a differential amplifier (operational
amplifier) and a resistor network as shown below.
The circuit meets our definition of a differential amplifier
The output is proportional to the difference between the input signals
-
+
R3 R4
R1 R2
+
V1
+
V2
-
+
Vo
R
i1
R
i2
R
o
20
Difference Amplifier Impedances
2 4 3 2
1 1 1
2 1
4 3 2
1 1
then
and s resistance output
have sources input If equal.
y necessaril not and finite are
sources by the seen s Resistance
s i
s i
s s
i
i
R R R R
R R R
R R
R R R
R R
+ + =
+ =
+ =
=
-
+
R3 R4
R1 R2
+
V1
+
V2
-
+
Vo
R
i1
R
i2
R
o
2
2
: ) and (Assuming
follows as s resistance input mode - common and
mode - al differenti the define also can We
2 1
1
4 2 3 1
R R
R
R R
R R R R
ic
id
+
=
=
= =
21
DA Derivation
Use superposition to determine Vo
as a function of V1 and V2
V1 off
Non-inverting amplifier

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
1
2
4 3
4
2 2
4 3
4
2
1
2
2
1
So,
1
R
R
R R
R
V V
R R
R
V V
R
R
V V
o
p
p o
Vp
-
+
R3 R4
R1 R2
+
V2
-
+
Vo2
R
i1
R
i2
R
o
22
DA Derivation
V2 off
Inverting amplifier

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
1
2
1 1
R
R
V V
o
-
+
R3
R4
R1 R2
+
V1
-
+
Vo1
R
i1
R
i2
R
o
23
DA Derivation
Combining the contributions of V1 and V2



Re-arranging yields

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+ =
1
2
4 3
4
2
1
2
1
2 1
1
R
R
R R
R
V
R
R
V V
V V V
o
o o o
( )
( )
1 2
1
2
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
1 2
1
2
then If
1
1
V V
R
R
V
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
V V
R
R
V
o
o
=
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
24
DA CMRR
Lets replace V1 and V2 with our alternate definition of the inputs (in terms of
differential-mode and common-mode signals)







It is readily observed that an ideal difference amplifiers output should only
amplify the differential-mode signalnot the common-mode signal.
( )
( )
dm o
dm
cm
dm
cm o
o
dm
cm
dm
cm
V
R
R
V
V
V
V
V
R
R
V
V V
R
R
V
V
V V
V
V V
1
2
1
2
1 2
1
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
+ =
=
-
+
R1 R2
R1 R2
-
+
Vo
Vcm
+
Vdm/2
+
Vdm/2
25
DA CMRR
This assumes that the operational amplifier is ideal and that the resistors are
balanced.
Keeping the assumption that the operational amplifier is ideal, lets see what
happens when an imbalance factor () is introduced.
-
+
R1 R2
R1
-
+
Vo
Vcm
+
Vdm/2
+
Vdm/2
R2(1- )
26
DA CMRR
Using superposition we find that


After some algebra we find that [1]





As expected, an imbalance affects the differential and common-mode gains, which will
affect CMRR!
As the error->0, Adm->R2/R1 and Acm->0.
( ) ( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c c
1
1
1
2
1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
1
2
R R
R
R R
R V
V
R
R V
V V
dm
cm
dm
cm o
c
c

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
=
+ =
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
1
2
2
2
1
where
R R
R
A
R R
R R
R
R
A
V A V A V
cm
dm
cm cm dm dm o
27
DA CMRR
Since we have equations for Acm and Adm, lets look at CMR





If the imbalance is sufficiently small we can neglect its effect on Adm
With that and some algebra we find [1]
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
1
2
10 10
2
2
1
log 20 log 20 ) (
R R
R
R R
R R
R
R
A
A
dB CMR
cm
dm
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
~
c
1
2
10
1
log 20 ) (
R
R
dB CMR
28
DA CMRR
This equation shows two very important relationships




As the gain of a difference amplifier increases (R2/R1), CMR increases
As the mismatch () increases, CMR decreases
Please remember that this just shows the effects of the resistor network and
assumes an ideal amplifier
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
~
c
1
2
10
1
log 20 ) (
R
R
dB CMR
29
-
+
R1 R2
R1 R2
-
+
Vo
Vcm
+
Vdm/2
+
Vdm/2
DA CMRR
Another possible source for CMRR degradation is the impedance at the
reference pin.
So far we have connected this pin to low-impedance ground.





Placing and impedance here will disturb the voltage divider we come across
during superposition analysis.
This will negatively affect CMR
30
Why not make our own DA?
If a DA is simply an operational amplifier and 4 resistors, I can save money
by making my own, right?






Not if you want good CMRR.
They must be well-matched (ratio-metric)
They must have good drift with temperature
You can purchase a 4 precision resistor pack with 0.1% relative accuracy for
$0.85 (1k pricing). Drift is 25ppm. You still have to buy an op-amp.
-
+
R2 25k R1 25k
R3 25k R4 25k
-
+
Vout
+
Vcm
0% 0%
0% 0%
Frequency (Hz)
10.00 1.00k 100.00k
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
-319.09
-319.09
-319.09
31
Why not make our own DA?
Lets assume an ideal amplifier and
just look at resistor mismatches
using TINA (only changing R2)
Monte Carlo analysis
Gaussian distribution (6), 100
cases
Values are negative due to TINA

Assuming 0% tolerance for R1, R3,
and R4 and only 0.1% tolerance for
R2 this network can degrade CMRR
to 66dB (calculated), 69.16dB
(simulated).
-
+
R2 25k R1 25k
R3 25k R4 25k
-
+
Vout
+
Vcm
0% 0.1%
0% 0%
Frequency (Hz)
10.00 1.00k 100.00k
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
-140.00
-120.00
-100.00
-80.00
-60.00
32
Frequency (Hz)
10.00 1.00k 100.00k
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
-100.00
-80.00
-60.00
-40.00
Frequency (Hz)
10.00 1.00k 100.00k
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
-120.00
-100.00
-80.00
-60.00
-40.00
Why not make our own DA?
0.5%: 52dB (calc), 53.64dB (sim)
1.0%: 46dB (calc), 46.85dB (sim)
5.0%: 32dB (calc), 33.34dB (sim)
Frequency (Hz)
10.00 1.00k 100.00k
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
-100.00
-80.00
-60.00
-40.00
-20.00
33
-
+
R2 150k R1 150k
R3 150k R4 150k
-
+
Vout
+
Vcm
5% 5%
5% 5%
-
+
R2 150k R1 150k
R3 150k R4 150k
-
+
Vout
+
Vcm
0.1%
0.1% 0.1%
0.1%
Frequency (Hz)
10.00 1.00k 100.00k
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
-72.72
-49.71
-26.70
Frequency (Hz)
10.00 1.00k 100.00k
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
-125.86
-93.35
-60.84
Why not make our own DA?
What if all resistors are 0.1% or 5%?
34
Why not make our own DA?
Now that we understand how the resistor matching can affect CMRR,
what about an integrated solution?
TI can trim resistors to within 0.001% relative accuracy (e.g. INA105
has a minimum CMR of 80dB, including OA!)
INA105 gain error is 5ppm/C (max)
On-chip resistors will drift together
Less board space
1k price on www.ti.com: $3.50
Includes amplifier!
So, you may save $ but will lose performance
Customer will require 2 suppliers (1 for OA, 1 for precision resistors)
INA105
35
DA Gain
We learned that the gain of a difference amplifier is set by R2 and R1.
What if we wanted variable gain?
We would have to adjust 2 resistors due to the topology.
To retain good CMR they would have to be tightly matched, too.
This is difficult and expensive
Alternately, you could use an external operational amplifier (with very low
output impedance so as not to degrade CMR) to drive the reference pin as
shown below [4]

( )
1 2
3 1
2
v v
R R
R R
v
G
o
=
36
DA Gain
But, R3 should be a precision resistor. Its error will be seen as a gain error.
You also need to purchase an external operational amplifier and potentiometer.
If you need variable gain, there are better options
Instrumentation amplifiers (IAs) usually have an external resistor that can be used to
set the gain
Programmable Gain Amplifiers (PGAs) can be programmed (either with pin settings
or digitally) with a particular gain
In summary, difference amplifiers are typically manufactured with a set gain so
as to preserve CMR and since there are alternate (better) solutions for variable
gain
Since difference amplifiers come with a fixed gain, you will only see 1 CMR
curve in the datasheet
37
Ground Interference-Operational Amplifier
A ground bus is not a perfect conductor
It has an impedance (distributed resistance, capacitance, and inductance)
Typically the input voltage source (e.g. sensor) is located remotely with
respect to the amplifiers location
Currents flowing through the ground bus can create a potential between the
sensors ground and the amplifiers ground
If the input signal is particularly small, this potential difference (aka ground-
loop interference) may degrade the output signal


( )
g i o
v v
R
R
v + =
1
2
38
Ground Interference-Difference Amplifier
Solution: replace the operational amplifier with a difference amplifier. An
additional wire needs to be run for the sensors ground.
This eliminates the errors introduced by the ground-loop interference because
Vg is now viewed as a common-mode signal.

i o
v
R
R
v
1
2
=
39
Difference Amplifiers-Summary
Pros:
Difference amplifiers amplify differential signals and reject common-mode signals
The common-mode rejection is based mainly resistor matching
Making your own difference amplifier will not yield the same performance
Difference amplifiers can be used to protect against ground disturbances
Cons:
Externally changing the gain of a difference amplifier is not worthwhile
The input impedance is finite
This means that a difference amplifier will load the input signals
If the input signal sources impedances are not balanced, CMR could be degraded
Is there a way we can amplify differential signals, change the gain, retain high
CMR, and not load our source?
Yes! Buffer the inputsthis creates an Instrumentation Amplifier (IA).

40
Instrumentation Amplifier
There are 2 types of
instrumentation amplifiers
2 op-amp (e.g. INA122)
3 op-amp (e.g. INA333)
41
Instrumentation Amplifier
Notice both have gain equations so you can vary the gain
Notice the input impedance is that of the non-inverting terminal of a
non-inverting amplifier
Difference Amp
High-Z Nodes
High-Z Nodes
Variable Gain
42
Instrumentation Amplifier
Recall the 0V-0A input properties of
an ideal amplifier



Lets analyze the INA333
-
+ -
+
0V
0A
-
+
A1
R3 50k
R3 50k
R1 150k R2 150k
R1 150k R2 150k
-
+
Vout
-
+
A2
Rg
Vo1
Vo2
-
+
A3
+
Vcm
+
Vd/2
Vin1
Vin2
+
Vd/2
-
+
Vd
43
Instrumentation Amplifier
From the 0V criteria we can determine that the voltage across Rg=Vin1-Vin2
2
1
d
cm in
V
V V + =
-
+
A1
R3 50k
R3 50k
R1 150k R2 150k
R1 150k R2 150k
-
+
Vout
-
+
A2
Rg
Vo1
Vo2
-
+
A3
+
Vcm
+
Vd/2
Vin1
Vin2
+
Vd/2
-
+
Vd
2
2
d
cm in
V
V V =
V=0V
V=0V
+
-
VRg=Vin1-Vin2
44
Instrumentation Amplifier
We can now solve for VRg in terms of Vcm and Vd.








Notice the common-mode voltage cancels!
2 1
2
1
2 1
2 2
2
2
in in d
d R
d
cm
d
cm R
d
cm in
d
cm in
in in R
V V V
So
V V
V
V
V
V V
V
V V
V
V V
V V V
g
g
g
=
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
+ =
=
-
+
A1
R3 50k
R3 50k
R1 150k R2 150k
R1 150k R2 150k
-
+
Vout
-
+
A2
Rg
Vo1
Vo2
-
+
A3
+
Vcm
+
Vd/2
Vin1
Vin2
+
Vd/2
-
+
Vd
45
Instrumentation Amplifier
From the 0A criteria we know that the current through the R3 resistors must be
the same as the current through Rg.
I
0A
I
0A
-
+
A1
R3 50k
R3 50k
R1 150k R2 150k
R1 150k R2 150k
-
+
Vout
-
+
A2
Rg
Vo1
Vo2
-
+
A3
+
Vcm
+
Vd/2
Vin1
Vin2
+
Vd/2
-
+
Vd
46
Instrumentation Amplifier
From Ohms law we therefore know that
Substituting for Vin1-Vin2 and re-arranging we get

( )
g
g
in in
O O
R R
R
V V
V V +

=
3
2 1
2 1
2
-
+
A1
R3 50k
R3 50k
R1 150k R2 150k
R1 150k R2 150k
-
+
Vout
-
+
A2
Rg
Vo1
Vo2
-
+
A3
+
Vcm
+
Vd/2
Vin1
Vin2
+
Vd/2
-
+
Vd
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+ =
+

=
g
d O O
g
g
d O O
g
g
d
O O
g
g
in in
O O
R
R
V V V
R
R R
V V V
R R
R
V
V V
R R
R
V V
V V
3
2 1
3
2 1
3 2 1
3
2 1
2 1
2
1
2
2
2
Differential Gain
Current through Rg
47
Instrumentation Amplifier-INA333
From previous slide:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
G
R
R
Gain
3
2
1
48
Instrumentation Amplifier
Input stage also known as:
Diff-in, diff-out stage
Gain stage
The difference amplifier stage is also known as:
Output stage
Diff-in, single-ended output stage
From our difference amplifier discussion we know the differential gain of the
output stage is 1. Therefore,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
+ =

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=

G
OUT
G
OUT
stage output stage input OUT
R
k
V V V
V V
R
R
V
V V G G V
100
1
1
2
1
1 2
1 2
3
1 2
Same as
PDS
49
IA CMRR
So, what is the CMRR of an instrumentation amplifier?
Instrumentation amplifiers reject common-mode signals (Acm->0)
Recall

CMRR is directly related to differential gain. Since we can change the
differential gain of an IA, we also change the CMRR.
cm
dm
A
A
CMRR =
50
INA826 CMRR Model Verification
+V 15
+
+
-
Rg
Rg
Ref
U1 INA826
V1 15
-
+
Vout
Rg 1k
+
Vcm
G1
G10
G100
G1000
Frequency (Hz)
10 215 5k 100k
G
a
i n
( d
B
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
G1
G10
G100
G1000
51
INA826-Effects of Rg Tolerance on CMRR
Now that we see our INA826 model is accurate, lets look at the effects
of Rgs tolerance on CMRR
Set G=100, 6 resistors, 100 cases.
Note that due to the number of cases, no post-processing was performed
Normally this would be Gain/Waveform. Therefore we have to mentally
subtract 20dB from this cluster of waveforms.
Frequency (Hz)
10.00 1.00k 100.00k
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
-88.13
-81.16
-74.19
-87.97dB<CMR<-88.13dB
Adjusted for gain:
-107.97dB<CMR<-108.13dB
5% Resistor
Frequency (Hz)
10.00 1.00k 100.00k
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
-88.08
-81.13
-74.19
-88.04dB<CMR<-88.07dB
Adjusted for gain:
-108.04dB<CMR<-108.07dB
1% Resistor
Frequency (Hz)
10.00 1.00k 100.00k
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
-88.07
-81.13
-74.19
-88.065531dB<CMR<-88.06869dB
Adjusted for gain:
-108.065531dB<CMR<-108.06869dB
0.1% Resistor
Notice the gain setting
resistor tolerance does
not significantly affect the
CMR.
52
2-OA Instrumentation Amplifiers
What are the properties of 2-OA
Instrumentation Amplifiers?
Pros
Lower cost (only 2 op-amps), less trimming
High impedance input
Can be placed in a smaller package
Cons
Compare signal path to Vo for Vin+ and Vin-
Vin+ has a shorter path than V-
This delay does not allow the common-mode
components to cancel each other as well as
frequency increases
Therefore CMR degradation occurs earlier in
frequency than the 3-OA designs
Since we can change the
differential gain, the CMR also
changes.
53
Hybrid Difference Amplifiers
Some devices have unique topologies (e.g. INA321).
How do we determine whether CMRR will change with the gain of this
device?
2OA
Instrumentation
Amp
Op-amp (has
fixed differential
gain)
54
Hybrid Difference Amplifiers
Depends on what gain youre talking about.
With respect to CMRR, its all about the differential gain since the
common-mode gain of all differential amplifiers is ideally 0.
When you place resistors for R1 and R2, are you changing the
differential gain?
55
No. The differential gain of the device is set internally!







If you cant change the differential gain of the device, the CMRR will not change
with gain.
Remember the differential gain of an op-amp (A3) is fixed (its the open-loop
gain)
Hybrid Differential Amplifiers
56
Summary
A differential amplifier amplifies differential signals, not common-mode
signals
Examples include operational amplifiers, difference amplifiers, and
instrumentation amplifiers
CMRR is defined as the ratio of differential gain to common-mode gain
All differential amplifiers have an ideal common-mode gain of 0
To determine if a circuits CMRR is going to change with gain, you must
look at the differential gain. Remember an op-amps differential gain is
fixed.
If you can change the differential gain of the device/circuit, the CMRR
will also change
57
References
[1] Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated
Circuits, 3
rd
Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[2] Tobey, Graeme, Huelsman, Operational Amplifiers: Design and
Applications, McGraw-Hill, 1971.
[3] Karki, Understanding Operational Amplifier Specifications, White Paper:
SLOA011, Texas Instruments, 1998.
[4] Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Razavi.pdf
Franco.pdf