the concept of the museum as an ever-changing event space. To emphasize the aspect of transformability of the space the designers would like to explore the possibility to equip the new museum with something like a "stage-machinery". They devised a series of large-scale kinetic elements that offer the option to radically transform the arrangement of the gallery spaces. They would also like to make this dramatic transformation of the space itself a spectacle, visible even on the outside appearance of the building. Thus the internal reconfiguration of the exhibition spaces creates a public sensation within the urban scenery.
Urban Setting
The generous site on Taichungkang Road is tied into a master plan of two crossing axes that give an organizing structure to the ensemble of four new landmark buildings that shall comprise the Guggenheim Museum, the new town hall, the city assembly and the national opera. This arrangement implies that the museum will be approached from two main sides: From Taichung Harbour Road on the one side and from the crossing point of the two axes on the other side. This double orientation leads to the idea of a large lobby space that can be approached from two opposing ends and thus cuts a public path through the museum. Much of the internal organization of the museum follows from this initial move, motivated by the urban configuration. Designers decided to bend the axis of the project so that the building thrusts diagonally through the site towards the corner of Taichung Harbour Road and Hui Chung Road. Thus they pull away from the neighboring buildings east of the site. Here they propose to cut a new road in order to clearly separate and define the site.
Architectural Form
The building gradually emerges from a soft landscape formation. The formal language and architectural articulation is premised on the idea that the building bleeds into the open public space of the urban axis. The overall dynamism and fluidity of the elongated form suggests an emphasis of movement through and around the building. Both the public flow through the building as well as the internal circulation through the exhibition spaces is expressed by means of swooping ramps. Although the building can be approached from both ends, these two ends are articulated rather differently. On Taichung Harbour Road the building offers its urban edge with a severe cantilevering volume which projects towards the Taichung Harbour Road like a huge canopy.
The 50 meter overhang projects close towards Taichung Harbour Road and will provide an unprecedented spatial experience for visitors entering the site from here. The opposing end facing the future park-scape of the new urban ensemble is characterized by curved ramps merging into the building. Internal Organization The central lobby that connects the two opposing entrances divides the museum into two gallery wing, an East Wing and West Wing. Between these two wings will be the public lobby area created by a roof, which spans between the two wings. Each of these two wings operates on two principle levels. The urban entrance on the north and the park entrance on the south of this area provide the main access into the museum. Internal Organization In addition to the East Wing Galleries is a large moving platform mediates between the two man gallery floors of the East Wing. The platform, stationary while being used for exhibitions, can be accessed either straight on from the two gallery levels, from the East Wing ramp, or from the elevator and stairs provided within the service zone next to the main gallery space . Internal Organization The West Wing also consists of two principal gallery levels and some support and ancillary facilities. An entire piece of West Wing galleries will be mobile. Utilizing railtracks, this Mobile Gallery can either dock against the other gallery spaces, against the part of the West Wing housing the ancillary functions (retail, restaurant, caf and education center) or to position further out in the landscape. As well as this lateral movement, the Mobile Gallery has a telescopic roof that allows it to extend its overall volume. Internal Organization The facades are also given kinetic properties at certain places. On the roof of the cantilever gallery is a proposed mobile louver- system. Its function is to allow for control of day lighting. However, it also provides a point of visual interest both from within as well from without. When it opens, it creates a dramatic tent- shaped profile over the ski- line of the building. These are computer controlled to provide any number of ripple effects on the skin, much like the skirts of a stingray. Beijing National Stadium, China The 300m Beijing National Stadium, located at the south of the centerpiece Olympic Green, is a stunning landmark building, which staged the 2008 Olympic Games from 8 August to 24 August 2008. The opening and closing ceremonies and athletic track and field events of the 29th Olympiad took place at the stadium. It also hosted the Summer Paralympics from 6 September to 17 September 2008 and Race of Champions 2009. The stadium has a gross volume of three million cubic meters and is considered to be the world's largest enclosed space. It is also the world's largest steel structure with 26km of unwrapped steel used. The innovative structure was designed by Herzog & De Meuron Architekten, Arup Sport and the China Architecture Design and Research Group, and has been nicknamed the "bird's nest" due to the web of twisting steel sections that form the roof. As well as designing a modern stadium, the team was challenged with creating a venue that was part of the culture of China and would put Beijing on the map. The 91,000-seat stadium was designed to incorporate elements of Chinese art and culture. The National Stadium's main structure is an enormous saddle- shaped elliptic steel structure weighing 42,000t. The stadium extends 333m from north to south and 294m from east to west, with a height of 69.2m. The stadium design included demountable seats of 11,000.
The 100,000-seat National Stadium in Beijing is a multi-use sports venue and will be ready for the 2008 Olympic Games. Beijing National Stadium structure and design
The stadium has two independent structures, a red concrete seating bowl and the outer steel frame around it at a 50ft distance. As this was an Olympic venue, there were many standards that the design consortium had to conform to. Everything from the width of the track to the size and location of the long and high jump pits needed to satisfy the requirements set out by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF). The architects and engineers also had to satisfy the requirements laid down by the National Stadium Company in order to create a bold, stand-out, world-class stadium and to design it with as much flexibility as possible for future use. To earthquake proof the stadium, the bowl and roof were split into two separate elements and the bowl split into eight zones, each with its own stability system and effectively its own building. The circular shape of the stadium represents heaven, but has been described as a bird's nest, with its pattern inspired by Chinese-style crazed pottery. A series of cantilevered trusses has been designed to support the roof, shading the seats. While designing the stadium, architects and engineers also ensured comfortable seats and optimum view for all spectators. Focus was also given to designing the stadium in such a way that it should be able to withstand earthquakes without much damage as the stadium is located in one of the world's most seismic zones.
Beijing National Stadium structure and design
The concourses are wide and spacious for making the refreshment and merchandising stalls easily accessible. There is also a large mixed-use retail development beneath the stadium featuring shops, restaurants, cinemas, a health club and parking. National Stadium Architecture
To achieve the optimum design, the team relied heavily on parametric design software. This helped to work out the sightlines, the bowl geometry, airflow to keep the grass in good condition, seismic studies and the design of the external envelope. While the surface of the structure is simple, the geometry is complex the calculations were so numerous and complicated that they could not be solved manually. Software was needed to make sure that the web of twisting steel sections fitted together, as they have to twist and bend to follow the surface accurately.
The main elements support each other and converge into a grid formation. The stand of the stadium is a seven-storey shear wall system with a concrete framework. The upper part of the stand and the stadium steel structure are actually separated from one another, but both of these are based on a joint foundation. The "nest" structure, however random it might look, follows the rules of geometry and contains 36km of unwrapped steel. The shape of the roof was inspired by yin yang, the Chinese philosophy of balance and harmony.
National Stadium Architecture
The steel structure of the stadium appears random but every element is carefully integrated. The roof is covered with a double-layer membrane structure, with a transparent ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) membrane fixed on the upper part of the roofing structure and a translucent PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) membrane fixed on its lower part. A PTFE acoustic ceiling is also attached to the side walls of the inner ring. The spaces in the structure of the stadium are filled with inflated ETFE cushions. On the faade, the inflated cushions are mounted on the inside of the structure where necessary, to provide wind protection. Since all of the facilities restaurants, suites, shops and restrooms are all self-contained units, it is possible to do largely without a solid, enclosed faade. This allows natural ventilation of the stadium, which is the most important aspect of the stadium's sustainable design.
National Stadium Architecture
To keep costs down, all the structural elements of the stadium are contained within it, so there are no towers or cable nets. The bowl of the structure is split into eight zones, each with its own stability system, making each zone effectively as its own building. Entrance to the stadium is controlled by tripod barriers supplied and fabricated by Kaba Gallenschtz of Germany. The project involved the installation of 138 of these units at the 12 entrances to the stadium.
National Stadium Architecture
Jurgen Mayer H. Architects: Level Green Exhibition Personal responsibility in the sustainable use of global resources continues to play an increasingly important role in the life of the average consumer. in this context German firm j. mayer h. architects together with art + com were commissioned to develop a permanent exhibition on the topic sustainability for the Volkswagen autostadt (car city) in Wolfsburg, Germany. the exhibition level green was opened on the 4th of June 2009 and encompasses approximately 1000 sq.m., rendering the highly complex topic providing for an aesthetic access to information. As one of the first prominent signs of the growing consciousness for environmentally friendly consumption, the well known PET sign was taken as a starting point from which the metaphor of the extensively branched web was developed. the original 2-dimensional sign was extended into a third dimension and through a series of step by step manipulations a complex structure was created, which allows for an abstract property of the topic to be experienced on a spatial level. After a phase of extensive material research, the design was executed by the use of easily processed wood composite sheets with varying thickness according to the structural and geometrical demands. In order to guarantee the structural performance of the construction, all vertical elements were reinforced with a steel structure and bolted to the concrete floor. After various testing, the color coating was executed with acrylic-based car paint, developed to guarantee high usability while meeting strict environmental regulations. The concept for the display is divided into areas of object like data and statistics and a touch sensitive surface for in depth explanations on different aspects of the topic. Designed to evoke the visitors initial interest, the first are placed within the exhibition space in the form of data sculptures or sample objects. The latter take on the form of black surfaces for interaction or information carrier and are seamlessly integrated into the vertical elements which define different areas within the space.
Building Automation Describes the functionality provided by the control system of a building. A building automation system (BAS) is an example of a distributed control system. The control system is a computerized, intelligent network of electronic devices designed to monitor and control the mechanical and lighting systems in a building. BAS core functionality keeps the building climate within a specified range, provides lighting based on an occupancy schedule, and monitors system performance and device failures and provides email and/or text notifications to building engineering staff. The BAS functionality reduces building energy and maintenance costs when compared to a non-controlled building. A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to as an intelligent building system.
Occupancy
Occupancy is one of 2 or more operating modes for a building automation system. Unoccupied, Morning Warmup, and Night-time Setback are other common modes. Occupancy is usually based on time of day schedules. In Occupancy mode, the BAS aims to provides a comfortable climate and adequate lighting, often with zone-based control so that users on one side of a building have a different thermostat (or a different system, or sub system) than users on the opposite side. A temperature sensor in the zone provides feedback to the controller, so it can deliver heating or cooling as needed.
Building Automation:
Morning Warmup If enabled, Morning Warmup (MWU) mode occurs prior to Occupancy. During Morning Warmup the BAS tries to bring the building to setpoint just in time for Occupancy. The BAS often factors in outdoor conditions and historical experience to optimize MWU. This is also referred to as Optimised Start. An override is a manually-initiated command to the BAS. For example, many wall-mounted temperature sensors will have a push-button that forces the system into Occupancy mode for a set number of minutes. Where present, web interfaces allow users to remotely initiate an override on the BAS. Some buildings rely on occupancy sensors to activate lighting and/or climate conditioning. Given the potential for long lead times before a space becomes sufficiently cool or warm, climate conditioning is not often initiated directly by an occupancy sensor.
Lighting
Lighting can be turned on, off, or dimmed with a building automation or lighting control system based on time of day, or on occupancy sensor, photosensors and timers. [1] One typical example is to turn the lights in a space on for a half hour since the last motion was sensed. A photocell placed outside a building can sense darkness, and the time of day, and modulate lights in outer offices and the parking lot. Lighting is also a good candidate for Demand response, with many control systems providing the ability to dim (or turn off) lights to take advantage of DR incentives and savings.
Building Automation:
Air handlers
Most air handlers mix return and outside air so less temperature change is needed. This can save money by using less chilled or heated water (not all AHUs use chilled/hot water circuits). Some external air is needed to keep the building's air healthy. Analog or digital temperature sensors may be placed in the space or room, the return and supply air ducts, and sometimes the external air. Actuators are placed on the hot and chilled water valves, the outside air and return air dampers. The supply fan (and return if applicable) is started and stopped based on either time of day, temperatures, building pressures or a combination.
Building Automation:
Variable volume air-handling units
A more efficient unit is a "variable air volume (VAV) air- handling unit," or VAV. VAVs supply pressurized air to VAV boxes, usually one box per room or area. A VAV air handler can change the pressure to the VAV boxes by changing the speed of a fan or blower with a variable frequency drive or (less efficiently) by moving inlet guide vanes to a fixed-speed fan. The amount of air is determined by the needs of the spaces served by the VAV boxes.
Building Automation:
WPIR Passive Infrared Ceiling Sensor
WattStoppers WPIR Sensor is a versatile ceiling mount sensor that utilizes the latest passive infrared (PIR) technology to turn lights on and off based on occupancy. The WPIR controls lighting in a wide variety of applications, but is especially adept at controlling small spaces with well-defined coverage.