Oil and Gas

From Deep in the Earth to Our Cars and Homes

What are Oil and Gas?
Oil and Gas are substances found within the earths crust.
They are thought to come from decomposed plant and animal
matter.
Scientists believe the plants and animals died long ago, and
were slowly buried by thick layers of sediments. Over a long
period of time, and with pressure and temperature, the organic
materials were converted into the oil and gas which are found
today.
(For example, we know that present day garbage
dumps give off methane gas)
Oil in its natural state can be thick
or thin, black or light colored.

When oil is refined, many
products can be obtained:
Energy for power
Gasoline for cars
Diesel fuel for trucks and trains
Hi-octane fuels for planes
Heating oil for houses
Many other materials also come
from petroleum:
Plastics
Materials for clothes (example:
polyester fabrics)
Chemicals for everyday use
Paints
What else do we know about
oil and gas?
Where do we find Oil and Gas?
Actually, most oil is trapped in the tiny pore spaces between
grains of rock or sand. Most of these pores are too small to
be seen with the naked eye.
Some people think that oil lies in big
underground pools.
So, how do we find oil-bearing rocks?

Oil and gas are found in natural traps within the earth.
These traps consist of domes or faults. Impermeable rock
above the trap prevents the oil and gas from migrating up to
surface. An impermeable rock is one that fluid cannot
pass through.
Without traps, the oil and gas (which are lighter than water)
could migrate all the way to the surface and evaporate.
Oil
Heres an example of a dome-shaped Oil reservoir.
Note the layer of impermeable rock which prevents the oil from migrating
upwards.
Water
Also, note the layer of water below which prevents the oil from escaping down.
Why?
Oil and Gas are lighter than water, so they float upward (even underground)!
Gas
Heres an example of a Gas reservoir.
Again, note the impermeable layer of rock preventing the gas
from escaping.
Water
Gas
Heres an example of an Oil reservoir with a Gas cap
Oil
Why do you suppose the gas is on top?
Water
Gas is lighter than oil and water so it rises to the top of the trap.
Without a trap oil and gas can rise to the surface to form natural seeps.
How do we find the oil reservoirs?
Gas
Oil
source
receivers
t = 1 sec
t = 1.2 sec
t = 1.42 sec
Computers process the data to construct pictures of what the earth
looks like underground.
Geophysicists find reservoirs by bouncing sound waves off them, and
timing how long it takes for the sound to come back
What do we do after
we find a reservoir?
?
?
?
What do we drill with ?
We Drill Into It! !
(of course!)
A Drilling Rig !
Here are a few different types of drilling rigs available:
Land Rig
For drilling on land.
Drill Ship
Drill ships and semi-submersible rigs are for
drilling in water depths from 100 to 5000+ ft.
Semi-Submersible Rig
Jackup Rig
For drilling in
water depths from
20 ft
to +/- 350 ft.
Inland Barge
For drilling in water depths
from 10 to 30 ft.
A Drilling Rig is: A package of special equipment put
together to enable us to drill into the earth.
A drilling rig has many different parts:
a derrick, a substructure, hoisting equipment, engines for
power, drill pipe, steel tanks, pumps, solids control
equipment, and many other pieces.

Did you know that some drilling rigs can drill as deep as 6
miles? Thats as deep as Mt. Everest is tall!
What is a drilling rig ?
Drill string
Drill bit

The hoisting
equipment consists
of:
a
a crown block,
a travelling block,
drilling line,
and a drawworks to
pull the drilling line
up or down.
substructure
derrick
This picture shows the hoisting equipment on a rig.
This equipment is used to raise or lower the drillstring, which is
picked up in 30 foot long segments, or joints, of drill pipe.
spare drill pipe
This shows a 30 foot
section of drill pipe
being added to the drill
pipe already in the hole.
The drill string is turned at
surface, which turns the bit
at the bottom of the hole.





The teeth on the drill bit
grind the rock into
fragments, or cuttings.
Drilling mud is
pumped down the inside
of the drill pipe, through
jet nozzles in the bit,
and into the annulus.
This is the space
between the sides of the
hole and the drill pipe.


The mud lifts the
cuttings and circulates
them back to surface
where they are removed.
Heres how the drill bit drills the rock.
6) The drill cuttings are removed,
and form a cuttings pile. This can
be hauled off and disposed of.

screens
5) Clean mud falls
through the screens
and is returned to
the pits
The Drilling Mud Cycle
2) the mud is circulated through the drill bit into
the annulus, lifting the cuttings removed by the
drill bit.
4) The mixture is
circulated across
screens at surface
mud pump
3) the mixture of drilling mud and
drill cuttings are circulated up the
annulus
1) Clean drilling mud is taken from the steel
mud tanks and pumped down the inside of
the drill pipe.
The production facilities on surface
separate out the gas, oil, and water
into their separate phases.
Production
Separator
Produced
Water
Oil
Produced Gas
Production Separator
From there, the oil and gas
may be refined further before
being ready to market.
Storage Tanks
Oil Refinery
Oil
Produced
Water
Finally, the gas and oil can be sold
to power cars and heat homes.
And Thats How Oil and Gas Get From Deep
in the Earth into YOUR Everyday Lives!
Role of Process Engineering in
Organization
Introduction
What is Process Engineering
Process engineering an essential engineering
role in chemical process industries to improve
operating process performance and enhance the
process management in projects
Process engineering classified in to two
different applications such as facility process
engineering and conceptual process
engineering.

Applications
Process Engineering Design
Process engineering design is the application of
chemical engineering and Mechanical
engineering in Oil & Gas Industry.
Involves in process related conceptual projects
development, project planning, project design
and project construction engineering and
commissioning of the facilities
General Responsibilities
Process Engineer
Prepares various studies of process cycles and systems
for production improvements and enhancements.
Prepares economic studies associated with process
performances.
Prepares conceptualized process schematics and
ensures proper deliverables of the required
modifications
Prepares economic studies associated with process
performance
Evaluates competitive bids for process equipments
Inter Relationship Responsibilities
Process Engineer must understand the importance of
Inter Relationship.
Process Team is a part of Technical Services Team and
Interacts with
Operations Team,
Maintenance Team
Inspection Team
Projects construction Team
Project review design Team
Appreciates each function may and often influence the
process design decisions
Organization Structure
Process Engineer Function may vary from industry to
another Industry.
Oil & Gas Industry specifically will have the
functionalities.
Operations supporting Process Engineering
Technical Services support Engineering
Project design engineering
Oil & Gas EPC (Engineering, Procurement and
construction) Industry will also have process engineering
applications for detailed Engineering development
Oil & Gas PMC (Project Management consultancy) will
have process engineering applications

















Process modeling is one of the art of Process
Engineering to find out process adequacy from
gross root to construction capabilities.

Process simulation gives the bottom line
approach on the plant Heat & Material balance

Process Simulation gives further direction for
detailed Engineering.
Process Engineering
Process Modeling and Simulation Overview

Process Simulation Software's
Widely used Process Simulation
software's as follows.
Facility oriented Process simulations
ASPEN PLUS
ASPEN HYSYS
UNISIM
Pro-II
CHEMCAD
Process Simulation Software's
Widely used Process Simulation
software's as follows.
Pipe line oriented Process simulations
Pipe Phase
Pipe sim
ASPEN HYSYS
OLGA

Process Simulation Software's
Example for Facility process
Simulation


Process Simulation Software's
Widely used software's as follows.
Thermal design of Heat Exchanger
simulations
HTRI
ASPEN HTFS
ASPEN B-JAC

GAS OIL SEPARATION
PLANT

LIST OF EPC COMPANIES
Petrofac
Mot MacDonald
Foster Wheeler
Saipem
Technip
Flour Daniel
Bechtel
Petrojet
Jacobs Engineering
Petro6
Samsung Engineering















Oil gathering facilities will located at
centralized location called Gathering centers
Oil and Gas will be segregated from the
Gathering centers and Oil will be exported to
Tank farm for storage and further handling
Gas will be collected in individual headers and
fed to Gas Booster stations to compress to
required delivery pressures
Process Engineering
Oil & Gas Facilities Overview