Archimedes Principle

Physics 202
Professor Lee Carkner
Lecture 2
PAL #1 Fluids
Column of water to produce 1 atm of
pressure
P = rgh
P =
r = 1000 kg/m
3
g = 9.8 m/s
2
h = P/rg =
Double diameter, pressure does not change

On Mars pressure would decrease
Mars has smaller value of g
Archimedes Principle
What happens if you put an object in a fluid?

Called the buoyant force

If you measure the buoyant force and the
weight of the displaced fluid, you find:
An object in a fluid is supported by a buoyant
force equal to the weight of fluid it displaces

Applies to objects both floating and
submerged
Will it Float?


Density
An object less dense than the
fluid will float
A floating object displaces fluid
equal to its weight


A sinking object displaces fluid
equal to its volume
Floating
How will an object float?

The volume of fluid displaced is proportional to the
ratio of the densities
Example: ice floating in water,

r
i
V
i
g=r
w
V
w
g

V
w
=V
i
(r
i
/r
w
)
r
w
= 1024 kg/m
3
and r
i
= 917 kg/m
3


Ideal Fluids
Steady --

Incompressible -- density is constant
Nonviscous --
Irrotational -- constant velocity through a
cross section

The ideal fluid approximation is usually not very
good
Moving Fluids


What happens if the pipe narrows?

Avr = constant
If the density is constant then,
Av= constant = R = volume flow rate


Constricting a flow increases its velocity
Because the amount of fluid going in must
equal the amount of fluid going out
Or, a big slow flow moves as much mass as a
small fast flow
Continuity
R=Av=constant is called the equation of
continuity

You can use it to determine the flow rates of a
system of pipes

Cant lose or gain any material
The Prancing Fluids



How can we keep track of it all?
The laws of physics must be obeyed

Neither energy nor matter can be created or
destroyed
Bernoullis Equation
Consider a pipe that bends up and gets
wider at the far end with fluid being
forced through it


W
g
= -Dmg(y
2
-y
1
) = -rgDV(y
2
-y
1
)
The work of the system due to
pressure is,
W
p
=Fd=pAd=DpDV=-(p
2
-p
1
)DV

D(1/2mv
2
)=1/2rDV(v
2
2
-v
1
2
)

p
1
+(1/2)rv
1
2
+rgy
1
=p
2
+(1/2)rv
2
2
+rgy
2
Consequences of Bernoullis


Fast moving fluids exert less
pressure than slow moving
fluids
This is known as Bernoullis
principle


Energy that goes into velocity
cannot go into pressure
Note that Bernoulli only holds
for moving fluids
Bernoulli in Action
Blowing between two
pieces of paper


Convertible top bulging
out
Airplanes taking off
into the wind

Lift


If the velocity of the flow is less on the
bottom than on top there is a net pressure
on the bottom and thus a net force pushing
up

If you can somehow get air to flow over
an object to produce lift, what happens?
Deriving Lift

Use Bernoullis equation:
p
t
+1/2rv
t
2
=p
b
+1/2rv
b
2

The difference in pressure is:
p
b
-p
t
=1/2rv
t
2
-1/2rv
b
2


(F
b
/A)-(F
t
/A)=1/2r(v
t
2
-v
b
2
)

L= ()rA(v
t
2
-v
b
2
)

Next Time
Read: 15.1-15.3
Homework: Ch 14, P: 37, 42, 47, Ch 15,
P: 6, 7
Which of the following would
decrease the pressure you exert on
the floor the most?
a) Doubling your mass
b) Doubling the mass of the earth
c) Doubling your height
d) Doubling the size of your shoes
e) Doubling air pressure
Which of the following would
increase the pressure of a column
of fluid of fixed mass the most?
a) Doubling the width of the column
b) Halving the density of the fluid
c) Halving the mass of the Earth
d) Halving the speed of the Earths
rotation
e) Doubling the height of the column

Summary: Fluid Basics
Density =r=m/V
Pressure=p=F/A
On Earth the atmosphere exerts a pressure
and gravity causes columns of fluid to exert
pressure
Pressure of column of fluid:
p=p
0
+rgh
For fluid of uniform density, pressure only
depends on height
Summary: Pascal and Archimedes
Pascal -- pressure on one part of fluid is
transmitted to every other part
Hydraulic lever -- A small force applied for a
large distance can be transformed into a large
force over a short distance
F
o
=F
i
(A
o
/A
i
) and d
o
=d
i
(A
i
/A
o
)
Archimedes -- An object is buoyed up by a
force equal to the weight of the fluid it
displaces
Must be less dense than fluid to float
Summary: Moving Fluids
Continuity -- the volume flow rate
(R=Av) is a constant
fluid moving into a narrower pipe speeds
up
Bernoulli
p
1
+1/2rv
1
2
+rgy
1
=p
2
+1/2rv
2
2
+rgy
2

Slow moving fluids exert more pressure
than fast moving fluids