III.

Strain and Stress

Strain
Stress
Rheology

Reading
Suppe, Chapter 3
Twiss&Moores, chapter 15


http://www.alexstrekeisen.it/english/meta/deformedoolite.php

Photomicrograph of ooid limestone. Grains
are 0.5-1 mm in size. Large grain in center
shows well developed concentric calcite layers.
Thin section (transmitted light) of deformed oolitic limestone, Swiss Alps. The approximate
principal extension (red) and principal shortening directions (yellow) are indicated. The
ooids are not perfectly elliptical because the original ooids were not perfectly spherical
and because compositional differences led to heterogeneous strain. The elongated ooids
define a crude foliation subperpendicular to the principal shortening direction. Photo
credit: John Ramsay.
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~schlisch/structureslides/oolite.html
Deformed Ordovian trilobite. Deformed samples such as this
provide valuable strain markers.
Since we know the shape of an undeformed trilobite of this
species, we can compare that to this
deformed specimen and quantify the amount and style of strain in
the rock.
III. Strain and Stress
Strain
Basics of Continuum Mechanics
Geological examples

Additional References :
Jean Salenon, Handbook of continuum mechanics: general concepts,
thermoelasticity, Springer, 2001
Chandrasekharaiah D.S., Debnath L. (1994) Continuum Mechanics
Publisher: Academic press, Inc.

Deformation of a deformable body can be
discontinuous (localized on faults) or
continuous.
Strain: change of size and shape of a body



Basics of continuum mechanics, Strain
A. Displacements, trajectories, streamlines, emission lines
1- Lagrangian parametrisation
2-Eulerian parametrisation
B Homogeneous and tangent Homogeneous transformation
1- Definition of an homogeneous transformation
2- Convective transport equation during homogeneous transformation
3-Tangent homogeneous transformation
C Strain during homogeneous transformation
1-The Green strain tensor and the Green deformation tensor
Infinitesimal vs finite deformation
2- Polar factorisation
D Properties of homogeneous transformations
1- Deformation of line
2- Deformation of spheres
3- The strain ellipse
4- The Mohr circle
E Infinitesimal deformation
1- Definition
2- The infinitesimal strain tensor
3-Polar factorisation
4- The Mohr circle
F Progressive, finite, and infinitesimal deformation :
1- Rotational/non rotational deformation
2- Coaxial Deformation
G Case examples
1- Uniaxial strain
2- Pure shear,
3- Simple shear
4- Uniform dilatational strain



Reference frame (coordinate system): R
Reference state (initial configuration): k
0

State of the medium at time t: k
t

Displacement (from t
0
to t),
Velocity (at time t)
Position (at t), particle path (=trajectory)
Strain (changes in length of lines, angles between
lines, volume)




A. Describing the transformation of a
body
A.1 Lagrangian parametrisation
Displacements

Trajectories
Streamlines

Volume Change
A.1 Lagrangian parametrisation
A.2 Eulerian parametrisation
Trajectories:

Streamlines:
(at time t)
A.3 Stationary Velocity Field
Velocity is independent of time
NB: If the motion is stationary in the chosen reference frame then

trajectories=streamlines
B. Homogeneous Tansformation
definition
Homogeneous Transformation
Changing reference frame
Homogeneous Transformation
Convective transport of a vector
Implication: Straight lines remain straight
during deformation
Homogeneous transformation
Convective transport of a volume
Homogeneous transformation
Convective transport of a surface
Tangent Homogeneous Deformation
Any transformation can be approximated locally by its
tangent homogeneous transformation
Tangent Homogeneous Deformation
Any transformation can be approximated locally by its
tangent homogeneous transformation
Tangent Homogeneous Deformation
Displacement field
D. Strain during homogeneous
Deformation
The Cauchy strain tensor (or expansion tensor)
Strain during homogeneous
Deformation
Stretch (or elongation) in the direction of a
vector
Strain during homogeneous
Deformation
Stretch (or elongation) in the direction of a
vector




Extension (or extension ratio), relative length
change
Strain during homogeneous
Deformation
Change of angle between 2 initially orthogonal
vectors



Shear angle
Strain during homogeneous
Deformation
Signification of the strain tensor components


Strain during homogeneous
Deformation
An orthometric reference frame can be found in which the strain tensor is
diagonal. This define the 3 principal axes of the strain tensor.

Strain during homogeneous
Deformation
The Green-Lagrange strain tensor (strain tensor)
Strain during homogeneous
Deformation
The Green-Lagrange strain tensor
Rigid Body Transformation
Strain during homogeneous
Deformation
Rigid Body Transformation
Strain during homogeneous
Deformation
Polar factorisation
Strain during homogeneous
Deformation
Polar factorisation
Strain during homogeneous
Deformation
Pure deformation: The principal strain
axes remain parallel to themselves during
deformation
Strain during homogeneous
Deformation
D. Some properties of homogeneous
Deformation
Some properties of homogeneous
Deformation
The strain tensor is uniquely characterized by the
strain ellipsoid (a sphere with unit radius in the initial
configuration)
Some properties of homogeneous
Deformation
The strain tensor is uniquely characterized by the
strain ellipsoid (a sphere with unit radius in the initial
configuration)
Note that knowing the strain tensor
associated to an homogeneous
transformation does not define the
uniquely the transformation (the translation
and the rotation terms remain
undetermined)
Some properties of homogeneous
Deformation
x= R S X + c
x
1
=S X x
2
=R x
1

X = x
2
+c
Homogeneous Transformation
c
Classification of strain
1
2
a

=
2
3
b

=
1
1
a
k
b

1 2 3
1 =
The Flinn diagram characterizes the ellipticity of strain
(for constant volume deformation: with
1 2 3
> >
E. Infinitesimal transformation

E. Infinitesimal transformation
Infinitesimal strain tensor
Infinitesimal transformation
Relation between the infinitesimal
strain tensor and displacement gradient
1
( )
2
t
e c ~ = V +V
NB: The representation of principal extensions on this diagram is
correct only for infinitesimal strain only
The strain ellipse
Rk: For an infinitesimal deformation the principal
extensions are small (typically less than 1%). The strain
ellipse are close to a circle. For visualisation the strain
ellipse is represented with some exaggeration
Relation between the infinitesimal
strain tensor and displacement gradient
1
( )
2
t
e c ~ = V +V
F. Finite, infinitesimal and progressive
deformation

Finite deformation is said to be non-rotational if the principle
strain axis in the initial and final configurations are parallel. This
characterizes only how the final state relates to the initial state
Finite deformation of a body is the result of a deformation path
(progressive deformation).
There is an infinity of possible deformation paths to reach a
particular finite strain.
Generally, infinitesimal strain (or equivalently the strain rate
tensor) is used to describe incremental deformation of a body
that has experienced some finite strain
A progressive deformation is said to be coaxial if the principal
axis of the infinitesimal strain tensor remain parallel to the
principal axis of the finite strain tensor. This characterizes the
deformation path.

x= S X + c
Non-rotational transformation
a
b
A
B
Non-rotational non-coaxial progressive
transformation
Stage 1:
Stage 2:
a
b
A
B
If A and B are parallel to a and b respectively the
deformation is said to be non-rotational
(This means R= 1)
Rotational vs non-rotational deformation
NB: Uniaxial strain is a type a non-rotational
deformation
Uniaxial strain
Pure Shear
NB: Pure shear in is a type a non-rotational
deformation (plane strain,
2
=1)
Simple Shear
NB: Simple shear is rotational (Plane strain,
2
=1)
Progressive simple Shear
Progressive simple shear is non coaxial
Progressive pure shear
Progressive pure shear is a type of coaxial strain