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SRB 041406 ver1

3G and 4G Wireless
Advances and Challenges
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SRB 041406 ver1
3G and 4G Wireless Advances and Challenges
Where are we?
3G Wireless Summary
Where do we Want to go?
Evolution to Seamless Networking
4G Wireless
Challenges

The one who stays still is left behind
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SRB 041406 ver1
Where are We?
Classic Wireline MaBell Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
US Universal coverage achieved early 1980s
Wireless First Generation Analog Systems
Speech
AMPS, TACS
Second Generation Digital Systems
Enhanced Capacity
CDMA, D-AMPS, TDMA, GSM, DECT, PDC
2.5 Generation Systems
Low Speed Data
GPRS, EDGE
Third Generation Systems
INTERNET on Wireless
WiFi/HyperLAN <-> WiMAX/HyperWAN <-> CDMA2000/WCDMA
Evolution to All IP Network including VoIP
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Representative Wireless Standards
GSM/TDMA
Time Division Multiplexing based access
CDMA
Code Division Multiplexing based access
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Many toys to play with
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SRB 041406 ver1
TDMA/FDMA
slot 1 slot 2 . . . Slot n
Frequency 1 Circuit Circuit Circuit
Frequency 2 Circuit Circuit Circuit
.
. Downlink Path
.
Frequency Frequency n Circuit Circuit Circuit
Domain
Frequency 1 Circuit Circuit Circuit
Frequency 2 Circuit Circuit Circuit
.
. Uplink Path
.
Frequency n Circuit Circuit Circuit
Give the same air to all
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SRB 041406 ver1
CDMA
t
Freq:
Chips
user 1
user 2
usern
Separated by PN codes
t
Message
t
Resulting Signal
X
I I I
All persons are created equal
Channelization code: Separate xmissions
from a single source from each other
Scrambling code: separate different sources
from each other
Spreading Code = Channelization code x
Scrambling code
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Multipath Arrival of Signals
Transmitted
symbol
received signal Modified with the combined
at each time delay channel estimate symbol
finger #1
finger #2
finger #3
Y Y
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CDMA Rake Receiver
Input signal
(from RF)
correlator
code
generator
channel
estimator
phase rotator delay
equalizer
Timing (Finger allocation)
Finger 1
Finger 2
Finger 3
Matched filter
SUM I
SUM Q
Combiner
I
Q
I
Q
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Successor to Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence CDMA
Capability to cancel multipath distortion in a spectrally efficient
manner without requiring multiple local oscillators (802.11a
and 802.16)
Based on use of IFFT and FFT
Frequency orthogonality as compared to code orthogonality in
CDMA using Walsh Code






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SRB 041406 ver1
3G Services
2MHz video telemedicine
conferencing Video on Mobile
demand TV
electronic
Internet radio newspaper
Bandwidth paging
audio
conferencing messaging Mobile
radio
Fax
voice
1KHz
bi-directional unidirectional Broadcast/
multicast
Who is first? the customer; who is second? - No one
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Key Mobility Services
Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS)
Text, sounds, images, and video
Transition from Short Message Service (SMS)
Open Internet standards for messaging
Web Applications
Information portals
Wireless Markup Language (WML) with signals using
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Location Communications Services
Location Awareness Based
Personalization of information presentation format
Service capability negotiations (MExE environment)
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Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)
CAMEL = IN + Service portability (incl mobility and roaming)
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Mobile user <-> ISP <-> corporate server
Mobility, Security, Capacity and quality
Prepaid, Usage Limitations, Advanced Routing Services
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
Subscriber profile, charging information, Service
information, numbering information
Integration of array of services, content conversion to
heterogeneous services, network user profile, location
aware services
Take the claims with a grain of salt
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SRB 041406 ver1
GSM Network
BSS
HLR
AuC
C, D
Gw-MSC
C
PSTN/ISDN
ISUP
GSM
04.08
MSC
VLR
A
UE
SMS-GW
Billing
Center
SCP
STP
IN
gsm
SCF
SSP
Circuit domain
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GSM & GPRS
BSS
HLR
AuC
C, D
Gw-MSC
C
PSTN/ISDN
ISUP
GSM
04.08+
MSC
VLR
A
UE
SMS-GW
Billing
Center
GGSN
PDN
Gi
Gb
SGSN
Data,
voice,
video
call
GSM
04.08+
Gr
Gc
Gn
CGw
Ga
Ga
SCP
STP
IN
gsm
SCF
SSP
IP Services
Circuit domain Packet domain
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WCDMA/UMTS
UTRAN
HLR+
AuC
C+, D+
Gw-MSC
C
PSTN/ISDN
ISUP
GSM
04.08++
3G-MSC
VLR
Iu-cs
UE
SMS-GW
Billing
Center
GGSN
PDN
Gi+
Iu-ps
3G-SGSN
Data,
voice,
video
call
GSM
04.08++
Gr+
Gc+
Gn+
CGw
Ga+
Ga+
SCP
STP
IN, CAMEL
gsm
SCF
SSP
IP Services
Circuit domain Packet domain
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SRB 041406 ver1
GSM/UMTS Bit rate, Mobility and Services
High
Bit Rate, Kbps
Low
T
e
x
t

M
e
s
s
a
g
i
n
g

Mobility
V
o
i
c
e

76.0 GPRS
384.0 EDGE UMTS 2 Mb/s
9.6 14.4
HSCSD
C
S

D
a
t
a

F
a
x

GSM
HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
UMTS
(stationary)
(Car / Train)
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SRB 041406 ver1
3G Evolution
GSM
HSCSD
15.2 kbps
GPRS
170 kbps
EDGE
473 kbps
EDGE Ph2
GRAN
473 kbps
TDMA
CDPD
43.2 kbps
TD-SCDMA
284 kbps
TD-SCDMA
Ph 2
2 Mbps
PDA/PDC-P
14.4 kbps
WCDMA FDD
2 Mbps
WCDMA TDD 2 Mbps
WCDMA HSDPA 10 Mbps
cdmaOne
76.8 kbps
CDMA2000 1x
307 kps
1XEV-DO (HDR) 2.4 Mbps
1XEV-DV (HDR) 5.4 Mbps
WLAN
IEEE 802.11b
11 Mbps
HyperLAN2
54 Mbps
IEEE 802.11 a/h
54 Mbps
Harmonized
HyperLAN2
And IEEE 802.11a
Ref: Honkasalo et al, WCDMA and WLAN for 3G and Beyond, IEEE Wireless Communication, Apr 2002
3.5G
2.5G
WiMAX/HyperMAN also in the mix
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Some Representative Current Wireless Options
3G Cellular (WCDMA)
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): Uplink and Downlink are
separated in frequency (symmetric)
Time Division Duplex (TDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated in
time allows asymmetric traffic (adjust time slots in uplink and
downlink)
3G Cellular (CDMA2000)
Wi Fi
802.11a and 802.11b; HyperLAN2
2.4 GHz band
WiMAX
802.16d (fixed); 802.16e (portable)
5.8 GHz band; 10 20 Mbps symmetrical BW
Blue Tooth
RF based LAN technology; 20-30 feet coverage
2.4 GHz band
Darwins Theory of Evolution and Survival of the fittest
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3G WCDMA
Release 99
Release 4
Release 5
Domains, Protocols, and Channels
Radio Resource Management
Network Dimensioning and Optimization
Quality of Service (QoS0 and Location Services

The favored twin sister of CDMA2000
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Release 99
Radio Bearer Negotiations
Traffic Classes
Complex Scrambling
Speech Codec (eight) Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR)
Battery Life
Transmission spatial/antenna diversity
Compressed Mode
Measurements in multiple frequency
Use of transmission time reduction techniques
# PDP Contexts per IP Address
QPSK; coherent detection; Rake receiver
Short and Long Spreading Codes
Multicall several simultaneous CS calls with dedicated bearers of
independent traffic and performance characteristics
Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)
Phase 3
A lot to gobble
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Release 4
Bearer Independent Core Network
Tandem Free Operation (TFO), Transcoder Free Operation
(TrFO), and Out of Band Transcoder Control (OoBTC)
Low Chip Rate TDD Operation
Network Assisted Cell Change
FDD Repeater
NodeB Synchronization for TDD
IPv6 packet switched network supporting both real time and
non-real time traffic
Session Initiated Protocol (SIP) replacing SS7
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
MSC/VLR -> MSC server (mobility management) and MGW
(Connection management subtasks)
Multimedia Message Service (MMS) environment
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Release 5
IP Transport in UTRAN
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) (upto 10 Mbps)
Intra Domain Connection to Multiple CN Nodes (Iuflex)
IP Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS)
Guaranteed End to End (E2E) QoS in the PS domain
Global Text Telephony
Support for Real Time Services in packet domain
CAMEL Phase 4
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HSDPA
Peak Data rate > 10 Mbps
Same spectrum by both voice and data
Up to 12 spreading codes for High Speed DSCH (HS-DSCH)
Fast link Adaptation
Both code and time division for channel sharing
Transmission Time interval 2 ms
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)
Automatic optimizations to Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
QPSK and 16 QAM modulation at 3.84 Mhz symbol; spreading
factor fixed to 16
Incremental Redundancy or chase combining (CH)
New DPCCH2 in uplink primarily for HARQ channel state info

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WCDMA Domains

User Equipment
Domain
Access
Network
Domain
Core
Network
Domain
Infrastructure
Domain
Cu
Mobile
Equipment
Domain
USIM
Domain
Home
Network
Domain
Transit
Network
Domain
Uu Iu
[Zu]
[Yu]
Serving
Network
Domain

Standardization of architecture (domains) and standardization of protocols (strata)
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SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA Protocol Layers
Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
ALCAP(s)
Transport
Network
Layer
Physical Layer
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Transport
User
Network
Plane
Control Plane User Plane
Transport
User
Network
Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Radio
Network
Layer
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Data
Bearer(s)
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WCDMA L1, L2, and RRC Sublayer
L3
con
trol
con
trol
con
trol
con
trol
Logical
Channels
Transport
Channels
C-plane signalling
U-plane information
PHY
L2/MAC
L1
RLC
DC
Nt
GC
L2/RLC
MAC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Duplication avoidance
UuS boundary
BMC
L2/BMC
RRC
control
PDCP
PDCP L2/PDCP
DC
Nt
GC
L3/RRC
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WCDMA Channels
Logical Channels Control Traffic
BCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH SHCCH DTCH CTCH
Mac -b -c/sh -d
Common Dedicated
Transport Channels BCH PCH FACH RACH UL CPCH DSCH DCH
Physical Channels Mapped to Transport Channels Dedicated
PCCPH SCCPCH PRACH PCPCH PDSCH DPDCH DPCCH SCH
CPICH
AICH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH
Transport Channels: how information transferred over the radio interface
Logical Channels: Type of information transferred over the radio interface
Channels made by soft hats
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SRB 041406 ver1
Mapping Between Channels
SCH
CPICH
AICH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
PCCH BCCH
CCCH
CTCH
DCCH
DTCH
RACH
CPCH DCH
PCH BCH
FACH DSCH DCH
Logical
Channels
Transport
Channels
Uplink Downlink
PCCPCH SCCPCH
PRACH
DPDCH
DPCCH
PDSCH PCPCH
Mapped
Physical
Channels
Dedicated
Physical
Channels
DPDCH
DPCCH
N to M
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SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA Channel Usage Examples
Dedicated channels Common channels Shared channels
DCH FCH RACH CPCH DSCH USCH
Uplink/ Both Downlink Uplink Uplink Downlink Uplink, only
Downlink in TDD
Code Usage According to maxm Fixed Fixed Fixed Codes Codes
bit rate codes per codes per codes per shared shared
cell cell cell btw users btw users
Fast Power control Yes No No Yes Yes No
Soft handover Yes No No No No No
Suited for Medium or large Small Small Small or Medium Medium
data amounts data data medium or large or large
amounts amounts data data data
amounts amounts amounts
Suited for bursty No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
data
Flexibility comes with responsibility
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Radio Resource Management
Power Control
Handover
Access Control
Load and Congestion Control
Packet Scheduling
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WCDMA Power Control (near = far)
Y Y
NodeB
Keep received power
levels P1 and P2 equal
Power control commands
to the UEs
UE1
UE2
Uplink and downlink (1500 Hz)
Open Loop Power Control
Closed Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control
Equal Opportunity Administration (EOA)
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SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA Handovers
Y Y
sector 1
sector 2
RNC
The same signal is sent
from both sectors to UE
RNC
Y Y
Y Y
NodeB1
NodeB2
The same signal is sent from
both NodeB's to UE, except for the
power control commands
macro diversity
combining in uplink
Hard and Inter-frequency handovers
Intersystem cell-reselection
Equivalent PLMN mode (autonomous cell re-selection (packet) idle mode)
Softer
Soft
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Handover Algorithm
Pilot E
c
/I
O
of cell 1
Pilot E
c
/I
O
of cell 2
Pilot E
c
/I
O
of cell 3
Reporting_range
- Hysteresis_event 1A
T T T
Reporting_range
+ Hysteresis_event 1B
Hysteresis_event 1C
Connected to cell 1
Event 1A
- add cell2
Event 1C
= replace cell1
with cell3
Event 1B
= remove cell3
A relay race with multiple batons
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SRB 041406 ver1
Network Dimensioning and Optimization
Dimensioning Criteria
Coverage, Capacity, Quality of Service
Dimensioning
Link budget, capacity (hard and soft) and load factor
Estimation of average interference power
Coverage end Outage probabilities
Optimization
Performance Requirements
Antenna adjustments, neighbor lists, scrambling codes
Dont force a round peg in a square hole
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SRB 041406 ver1
WCDMA Quality of Service (Qos)
Dynamic Negotiations of properties / Services of radio bearer
Thruput, transfer delay, data error rate
Authentications

Traffic class Conversational class Streaming class Interactive class Background
Fundamental Preserve time relation Preserve time Request response Destination is not
characteristics (variation) between relation (variation) pattern expecting the data
information entities of between information Preserve data within a certain time
the stream entities of the integrity Preserve data
Conversational pattern stream integrity
(stringent and low
delay)
Examples of the voice, Streaming Web browsing, Background
application videotelephony multimedia network games download of emails
video games
One way communications is no communications
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SRB 041406 ver1
Location Services (LCS)












SMLC
UE

Node B
LMU
type B


HLR
Gateway
MLC
External
LCS client
Le
Lg
Lh
LMU
type A


Um
Iu
Iub
gsmSCF
Lc
MSC


BSC

BTS
LMU
type B
A/ (Gb)/
(Iu)
Abis
SRNC
SMLC
Lb
Ls
Uu
<- alternative ->
(R98 and 99)
<- alternative ->
SMLC
Lp
UTRAN
GERAN

Cell ID based
Observed Time Difference Arrival Idle Period Downlink (OTDOA-IPDL)
Network Assisted GPS
You can run but you cannot hide
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SRB 041406 ver1
Why Move Towards 4G?
Limitation to meet expectations of applications like multimedia,
full motion video, wireless teleconferencing
Wider Bandwidth
Difficult to move and interoperate due to different standards
hampering global mobility and service portability
Primarily Cellular (WAN) with distinct LANs; need a new
integrated network
Limitations in applying recent advances in spectrally more
efficient modulation schemes
Need all all digital network to fully utilize IP and converged
video and data

Incessant human desire to reach the sky
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SRB 041406 ver1
Where Do We Want to Go?
Seamless Roaming
Integrated standard Networks
Mobile Intelligent Internet

Onwards to (Ultra) Wideband Wireless IP Networks
We are no longer in Kansas, Toto
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SRB 041406 ver1
Upcoming
3.5 G
Evolved radio Interface
IP based core network
4G
New Air Interface
Very high bit rate services
Convergence of Wireline, Wireless, and IP worlds
And Now for Something Completely Different
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SRB 041406 ver1
R-SGW
Gi
Mr
Gi
Ms
MGW
MGCF
MRF
PSTN/
Legacy/External
Mm
Mw
Legacy mobile
signaling
Network
Mc
Cx
Alternative
Access
Network
Mh
CSCF
Mg
T-SGW
CSCF
HSS
MSC Server
Gi
MGW
GMSC Server
Nb
Mc Mc
Nc
T-SGW
Iu
3G All-IP Reference Architecture
Iu
Gi
R Uu
Gn
Gc
Gp
Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
Signalling Interface
Gr
Other PLMN
Gn
Applications
& Services
SCP
CAP
TE MT
SGSN
GGSN
HLR
SGSN
GGSN
Multimedia
IP Networks
UTRAN
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SRB 041406 ver1
N_B
PSTN/ISDN
N_B
RNC
RNC
Iub
Iub
Iur
Internet/Intranet/ISP
Wireless
Data
Server
www,
email
IP
SGSN
GGSN
IP
Firewall
HLR
AuC
PCM
SS7
3G-MSC
ATM GTP+/IP
N_B
Internet/Intranet/ISP PSTN/ISDN
N_B
RNC
RNC
Iub
Iub
Iur
ATM GTP+/IP
Wireless
Data
Server
www,
email
IP
PCM
SS7
IP
Firewall
GGSN
IP
PSTN/ISDN
MGCF
HSS
CSCF SGW
MGW
MRF
(G)MSC
Server
MGW 3G-MSC
SGSN
GGSN
WCDMA 3G Evolution to All-IP Network
UTRAN
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3.5G Radio Network Evolution
High Data rate, low latency, packet optimized radio access
Support flexible bandwidth upto 20 MHz, new transmission
schemes, advanced multi-antenna technologies, and signaling
optimization
Instantaneous peak DL 100 Mb/s and UP 50 Mb/S within 20 MHz
spectrum
Control plane latency of < 100 ms (camped to active) and < 50
ms (dormant to active)
> 200 users per cell within 5 MHz spectrum
Spectrum flexibility from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz
Eliminate dedicated channels; avoid macro diversity in DL
Migrate towards OFDM in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
Support voice services in the packet domain
Adaptive Modulation and Coding using Channel Quality
Indicator (CQI) measurements
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SRB 041406 ver1
3.5G WCDMA Evolved System Architecture

Evolved Packet Core
Evolved RAN
S1 Gi
Op.
IP
Serv.
(IMS,
PSS,
etc)
Rx+
S2
GERAN
UTRAN
GPRS Core
Gb
Iu
S3
MME
UPE
Inter AS
Anchor
S4
non 3GPP
IP Access
HSS
PCRF
S5
S2
S7
S6
WLAN
3GPP IP Access
* Color coding: red indicates new functional element / interface
Source: www.3gpp.org
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SRB 041406 ver1
Key 3G and 4G Parameters
Attribute 3G 4G
Major Characteristic Predominantly voice- data as
add-on
Converged data and VoIP
Network Architecture Wide area Cell based Hybrid integration of
Wireless Lan (WiFi), Blue
Tooth, Wide Area
Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 8 GHz
Component Design Optimized antenna; multi-
band adapters
Smart antennas; SW multi-
band; wideband radios
Bandwidth 5 20 MHz 100+ MHz
Data Rate 385 Kbps - 2 Mbps 20 100 Mbps
Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM
Forward Error Correction Convolution code 1/2, 1/3;
turbo
Concatenated Coding
Switching Circuit/Packet Packet
Mobile top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph
IP Multiple versions All IP (IPv6.0)
Operational ~2003 ~2010
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SRB 041406 ver1
Key 4G Mobility Concepts
Mobile IP
VoIP
Ability to move around with the same IP address
IP tunnels
Intelligent Internet
Presence Awareness Technology
Knowing who is on line and where
Radio Router
Bringing IP to the base station
Smart Antennas
Unique spatial metric for each transmission
Wireless IP <---> IP Wireless
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SRB 041406 ver1
4G Networks Advances
Seamless mobility (roaming)
Roam freely from one standard to another
Integrate different modes of wireless communications indoor
networks (e.g., wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals;
radio and TV; satellite communications
100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area)
IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, and
video
IP RAN
Open unified standards
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
Successor to SS7; replacement for TCP
Maintain several data streams within a single connection
Service Location Protocol (SLP)
Automatic resource discovery
Make all networked resources dynamically configurable through
IP-based service and directory agents
The demise of SS7
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4G Networks Advances contd
Diameter
Successor to Radius
Unified authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)
Integrated LAN card and Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs)
HSS
Unified Subscriber Information
Application developers, Service providers, and content
creators
Expand beyond the circle
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Key Challenges
Spectral Efficiencies
Challenge Shannons fundamental law of data communications
(BW, Sig/No)
Hardware Frequency Synthesis techniques esp. for Frequency
Hop (FH) systems
Traffic characteristics management (burstiness, directionality)
Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)
Baseband process using parallel equal bandwidth subchannels
MC-CDMA; OFDM
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK); Multilevel Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM); Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Add cyclic extension or guard band to data
Challenges of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Peak to
Average Ratio (PAVR)
No pain, no gain
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Key Challenges - contd - 1
Signal Processing and optimizations
Handling extremely large number of users
Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions
Orthogonality / correlation of large number of codes
Spectrum Pollution
Multi path re-enforcement / interference
Multi User Detection (MUD) and Adaptive Interference
suppression techniques (ISI and MAI)


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Key Challenges - contd - 2
Extremely Fast Arithmetic (esp. multiplication)
N Dimensional vector spaces
IFFT, FFT
Advanced DSPs for parsing and processing data
Smart / Intelligent Antennas
Dynamically adjust beam pattern based on CQI
Switched beam Antennas; adaptive arrays
Coverage limitations due to high frequencies (> 5 GHz)

Manage Entropy
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SRB 041406 ver1
Key Challenges - contd - 3
More Efficient and Sensitive Transreceiver Designs
Noise figure, gain, group delay, bandwidth, sensitivity,
tunable filters, spurious rejection, power consumption
Frequency Reuse; linearity techniques
Tight closed Loop power control
Dynamic Frequency selection and packet assignments
Multi band, wide band, and flexible radios
Error Correction Coding
Perfect Synchronization / phase alignment between
Xmitter and Receiver
Clock recovery algorithms (e.g., as times-two, zero
crossing)
Adaptive digitization of speech and multi media signals
A/D and D/A transformations

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4G RF/IF Architecture Example
Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm
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4G Transreceiver Processing Example
Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm
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Key Challenges - contd - 4
All IP Network
Tunneling and Firewalls
Fast Handoff control, authentication, realtime location
tracking, distributed policy management
Media Gateways for handling packet switched traffic
Trasnscoders, echo cancellations, media conversions
Planetary Interoperability

Integration across different topologies
Multi Disciplinary Cooperation




WPAN
WLAN
WWAN
WMAN
There is packet at the end of the tunnel
+ IP
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SRB 041406 ver1
Key Challenges - contd - 5
Distribute intelligence to the edges
Very Smart User equipment; away from network Centric
architecture
Access routers
Miniaturization esp User Equipment
Security and Levels of Quality of Service (QoS)
Encryption Protocols; Security and trust of information
Different rates, error profiles, latencies, burstiness
Dynamic optimization of scarce resources
Advanced Used interactions / presentation
Improved User interfaces
advanced Speech recognition and synthesis
Flexible displays

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Key Challenges - contd - 6
Web AI service / Interactive Intelligent Programs
Smart applications in the web; intelligent agents
Web Adaptiveness global database schemes, global error
corrective feedback, logic layer protocol, learning
algorithms
Symbolic manipulation
Derive specifically targeted knowledge from diverse
information sources
Standardizations and Regulatory
Modulation techniques, switching schemes, roaming
Spectrum
Cooperation/coordination among global Spectrum
Regulators
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4G Forums
Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) in Europe
Next-Generation Internet (NGI)
Led by and focused on US Fed Agencies (DoD, DoE, NASA,
NIH etc.)
High Performance networks: vBNS (NSF), NREN (NASA),
DREN (DoD), ESnet (DoE),
Internet2
US Universities Initiated
Focus on Gigabit/sec Points of Presence (gigaPoPs)

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Summary
Mobile Intelligent Internet and multi media applications
Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable user
bandwidth, customized QoS, Intelligent and responsive user
interface
Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas
Continued advances and challenges from 1G -> 4G
Modulation techniques, transreceiver advances, fast
manipulations, user interfaces, IP tunelling and firewalls
Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, one standard,
authentication and security, multi disciplinary co-operation
Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physical
space, esp. User Equipment (UE)


IP + WPAN + WLAN + WMAN + WWAN + any other stragglers = 4G

IP in the sky with diamonds
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Back-up
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1
st
Generation Analog Cellular Systems
Standard Region Frequency
(MHz)
Channel
Spacing
(kHz)
No. of
Channels
Modulation Data Rate
(kbps)
AMPS USA 824-849
869-894
30 832 FM 10
TACS Europe 890-915
935-980
25 1000 FM 8
ETACS UK 872-915
917-950
25 1240 FM 8
NMT 450 Europe 453-457.5
463-467.5
25 180 FM 1.2
NMT 900 Europe 890-915
935-960
12.5 1999 FM 1.2
C-450 Germany
Portugal
450-455.74
460-465.74
10 573 FM 5.28
RTMS Italy 450-455
460-465
25 200 FM -
Radiocom
2000
France 414.8-418
424.8-428
12.5 250 FM -
NTT Japan 870-885 25 600 FM 0.3
JTACS /
NTACS
Japan 860-870
915-925
25 400 FM 8.0
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2
nd
Generation Cellular and Cordless Systems
System
Country
IS-54
USA
GSM
Europe
IS-95
USA
CT-2
Europe,
Asia
CT-3
DCT-90
Sweden
DECT
Europe
Access
Technology
TDMA /
FDMA
TDMA /
FDMA
CDMA /
FDMA
(DS)
FDMA TDMA /
FDMA
TDMA /
FDMA
Frequency
Band
BS(MHz) 869-894 935-960 869-894 864-868 862-866 1800-1900
MS(MHz) 824-849 890-915 824-849
Duplexing FDD FDD FDD TDD TDD TDD
RF Channel
Spacing
(kHz)
30 200 1250 100 1000 1728
Modulation Pi/4
DQPSK
GMSK BPSK /
QPSK
GFSK GFSK GFSK
Frequency
Assignment
Fixed Fixed Fixed Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic
Power
Control
MS Y Y Y N N N
BS Y Y Y N N N
Speech
Coding
VSELP RPE-LTP QCELP ADPCM ADPCM ADPCM
Speech rate
(kbps)
7.95 13
8
(variable
rate) 32 32 32
Channel Bit
Rate (kbps) 48.6 270.833 1228.8 72 640 1152
Channel
Coding
1/2 rate
convolution
1/2 rate
convolution
1/2 rate
forward,
1/3 rate
reverse,
CRC
None CRC CRC
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3G WCDMA and CDMA2000 Standards
UMTS-WCDMA CDMA2000
"No' Backward Compatibility Backward compatibility with CDMAOne
Cell Sites not synchronized Cell sites synchronized thru' GPS timing
Each cell site with different scrambling Adjacent cell sites use diffferent time offset
code for spreading of same scrambling code for spreading
Complex soft Hand Over Simple Soft Hand Over
Scrambling code 38,400 chips; frame Preudo Random (PN) sequence of length
of 10 ms 2
15
- 1 chips; period of 26.67 ms; different
site offset of 64 chips
OVSF Codes Walsh Codes
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Cdma2000 Layered Structure
Unique to cdma2000
Signaling
Services
Packet Data
Application
Packet Data
Application
Packet Data
Application
TCP UDP
IP
PPP
High Speed
Circuit Network
Layer Services
LAC Protocol Null LAC
LAC
MAC
Control
State
Best Effort Delivery RLP
QoS Control
Multiplexing
MAC
Physical Layer
Upper
Layers
(OSI 3-7)
Link
Layer
(OSI 2)
Physical
layer
(OSI 1)
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UMTS Spectrum Allocation
Europe
Japan
Korea
USA
1800
1850 1900 1950
2000
2050 2100 2150
2200
GSM 1800
DL
DECT
IMT-2000
TDD
IMT-2000
UL
MSS
UL
IMT-2000
TDD
IMT-2000
DL
MSS
DL
PHS
IMT-2000
UL
IMT-2000
DL
IMT-2000
DL
IS-95
DL
IMT-2000
UL
PCS/UL
PCS/DL
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WCDMA Circuit Switched Protocols
PHY
Phy-up
MAC
RLC
RRC
MM
CM
ATM
AAL2
FP
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-UNI
SSCOP
PHY
AAL5
SSCF-UNI
ALCAP NBAP
Phy-up
MAC
RLC
RRC
PHY
ATM
Q.2630.1
Q.2150.1
MTP3b
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
AAL5
Iu
UP
AAL2
PHY
ATM
Q.2630.1
Q.2150.1
MTP3b
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
AAL5
Iu
UP
AAL2
PHY
ATM
AAL2
FP
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-UNI
SSCOP
PHY
AAL5
SSCF-UNI
ALCAP NBAP
UE
Node B RNC Core
RANAP
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-NNI
SCCP
MTP3B
RANAP
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-NNI
MM
CM
SCCP
MTP3B
CODEC
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WCDMA PACKET CONTROL PLANE PROTOCOLS
SM
GMM
RRC
RLC
MAC-cd
PHY-up
FP FP
PHY-up
MAC-cd
RLC
RRC
NBAP ALCAP ALCAP NBAP
AAL2
SSSAR
AAL2
SSSAR SAAL SAAL SAAL SAAL
AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL5
ATM ATM
PHY PHY
PHY
CDMA
PHY
CDMA
UE/MTE NODE B RNC SGSN
Uu Iub Iu-ps
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WCDMA PACKET USER PLANE PROTOCOLS
IP
RLC
PDCP
MAC
PHY-up
FP
ALCAP
PHY-up
MAC
RLC
PDCP
AAL2 SAAL
AAL2 SAAL
FP ALCAP
ATM
ATM
PHY PHY
PHY
CDMA
PHY
CDMA
UE/MTE NODE B RNC SGSN
Uu Iub Iu-ps
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HSDPA Protocol Architecture


L2
L1
HS-
DSCH
FP
RLC
L2
L1
L2
L1
L2
L1
HS-
DSCH
FP
Iub Iur
PHY
MAC
PHY
RLC
Uu
MAC-
hs
HS-
DSCH
FP

HS-
DSCH
FP

MAC-c/sh

MAC-D

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IMS Architecture
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Standards
IEEE 802.11a and b: Wireless LAN (WiFi)
IEEE 802.15: Wireless PAN (Bluetooth)
IEEE 802.16d and e: Wireless MAN (WiMAX)

IS-41: Inter-systems operation (TIA/EIA-41)
IS-54: 1
st
Gen (US) TDMA; 6 users per 30 KHz
channel
IS-88: CDMA
IS-91: Analog Callular air interface
IS-93: Wireless to PSTN Interface
IS-95: TIA for CDMA (US) (Cdmaone)
IS-124: Call detail and billing record
IS-136: 2
nd
Genr TDMA (TDMA control channel)
IS-637: CDMA Short Message Service (SMS)
IS-756: TIA for Wireless Network Portability
(WNP)
IS-2000: cdma2000 air interface (follow on to
TIA/EIA 95-B)
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Glossary
3GPP:3G Partnership Project
AAA:Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
AMR:Adaptive Multi Rate (Speech Codec)
ANSI:American National Standards Institute
ARIB:Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
(Japan)
BRAN:Broadband Radio Access Network (HYPERLAN
2) 2.5 Mbps
CAMEL:Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced
Logic
CDMA:Code Division Multiple Access
CWTS: China Wireless Telecommunications Standards
group (China)
ECMA:European Computer Manufacturers Association
EDGE:Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
ETSI:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FDD:Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Access
GGSN:Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMSC:Gateway MSC
GPRS:General Packet Radio Service
GSM:Global System for Mobile communication
GTP:GPRS Tunneling Protocol
HIPERLAN:High Performance Radio Local Area Network
HLR:Home Location Register
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data
HYPERLAN: High Performance Radio Access network
IMSI:International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IMT:International Mobile Telecommunications
ITU:International Telecommunications Union
OVSF:Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
PDN:Public Data Network
PLMN:Public Land Mobile Network
PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network
QoS:Quality of Service
RAB:Radio Access Bearer
RNC:Radio Network Controller
RRC:Radio Resource Control
SGSN:Servicing GPRS Support Node
SIM:Subscriber Identity Module
TDD:Time Division Duplex
TDMA:Time Division Multiple Access
TTA:Telecommunications Technology Association
(Korea)
TTC:Telecommunications Technology
Commission (Japan)
UMTS:Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System
UTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VoIP:Voice over Internet Protocol
WCDMA:Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access
WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network
WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network
WWAN: Wireless Wide Area Network
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References
1. www.3gpp.org
2. WCDMA for UMTS, Ed.: H. Holma and A. Toskala, John Wiley, 2001
3. UMTS - Mobile Communications for the Future, Ed. F.Muratore, John Wiley, 2001
4. WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet, Eds E.Djanpera and R.Prasad,
Artech House, 2001
5. IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000, V.K.Garg, Publishing House of Electronics Industry,
Beijing, 2002
6. IP Telephony, O. Hersent, D. Gurle Et, and J-P Petit, Addison-Wesley, 2000
7. www.mobileinfo.com