You are on page 1of 45

NEC, ERODE-52

1
Induction Motor
(Asynchronous Motor)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES




NEC, ERODE-52

2
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lecture, student should to:
Understand the principle and the nature of 3 phase
induction machines.

Perform an analysis on induction machines which is
the most rugged and the most widely used machine
in industry.
NEC, ERODE-52

3
Contents

Overview of Three-Phase Induction Motor
Construction
Principle of Operation
Equivalent Circuit
Power Flow, Losses and Efficiency
Torque-Speed Characteristics
Speed Control
Overview of Single-Phase Induction Motor
NEC, ERODE-52

4
Overview of Three-Phase Induction
Motor
Induction motors are used worldwide in many
residential, commercial, industrial, and utility
applications.
Induction Motors transform electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
It can be part of a pump or fan, or connected to some
other form of mechanical equipment such as a winder,
conveyor, or mixer.
NEC, ERODE-52

5
Introduction
General aspects
A induction machine can be used as either a induction
generator or a induction motor.
Induction motors are popularly used in the industry
Focus on three-phase induction motor
Main features: cheap and low maintenance
Main disadvantages: speed control is not easy


7
Construction
The three basic parts of an AC motor are the rotor, stator,
and enclosure.
The stator and the rotor are electrical circuits that perform as
electromagnets.


Squirrel Cage Rotor
MZS
FKEE, UMP
9
Construction (Stator construction)
The stator is the stationary electrical part of the motor.
The stator core of a National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(NEMA) motor is made up of several hundred thin laminations.
Stator laminations are stacked together forming a hollow cylinder.
Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator core.
Electromagnetism is the principle behind motor operation. Each
grouping of coils, together with the steel core it surrounds, form an
electromagnet. The stator windings are connected directly to the
power source.

NEC, ERODE-52

10
Construction (Rotor construction)
The rotor is the rotating part of the electromagnetic
circuit.
It can be found in two types:
Squirrel cage
Wound rotor
However, the most common type of rotor is the
squirrel cage rotor.



NEC, ERODE-52

11
Induction motor types:

Squirrel cage type:
Rotor winding is composed of copper bars embedded in
the rotor slots and shorted at both end by end rings
Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance

Wound rotor type:
Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding terminals
can be connected to external circuits through slip rings
and brushes.
Easy to control speed, more expensive.

Construction (Rotor construction)
MZS
FKEE, UMP
12
Construction (Rotor construction)
Wound Rotor
Squirrel-Cage Rotor
/rotor winding
Short circuits all
rotor bars.
NEC, ERODE-52

13
Construction (Enclosure)
The enclosure consists of a frame (or yoke) and two end
brackets (or bearing housings). The stator is mounted
inside the frame. The rotor fits inside the stator with a
slight air gap separating it from the stator. There is NO
direct physical connection between the rotor and the
stator.
Stator
Rotor
Air gap
The enclosure also protects the electrical
and operating parts of the motor from
harmful effects of the environment in which
the motor operates. Bearings, mounted on
the shaft, support the rotor and allow it to
turn. A fan, also mounted on the shaft, is
used on the motor shown below for cooling.
NEC, ERODE-52

14
Construction (Enclosure)
NEC, ERODE-52

15
Nameplate
NEC, ERODE-52

16
Rotating Magnetic Field
When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a 3 phase
voltage supply, 3 phase current will flow in the windings,
which also will induced 3 phase flux in the stator.
These flux will rotate at a speed called a Synchronous
Speed, n
s
. The flux is called as Rotating magnetic Field
Synchronous speed: speed of rotating flux





Where; p = is the number of poles, and
f = the frequency of supply
p
f
n
s
120
=
a F
c

-93 10 113 216
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
a


b
c
a
a


b
c
a
a


b
c
a
a


b
c
F
b

F
a F
F
b

F
c

F
F
a
F
F
b

F
c

F
c

F
b

F
Space angle (u) in degrees
F
F
a F
c

F
b

t = t
0
= t
4

t = t
1
t = t
2
t = t
3
t = t
0
= t
4

RMF(Rotating Magnetic Field)
AC Machine Stator
Axis of phase a
a


-90 -40 10 60 110 160 210 260
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
F
a

Space angle (theta) in degrees
t
0

t
01
t
12
t
2
a
MMF Due to a phase current
1 Cycle
Amp
time
t
0

t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
01
t
12

Currents in different phases of AC Machine
Slip Ring Rotor
The rotor contains windings similar to stator.

The connections from rotor are brought out using slip rings that
are rotating with the rotor and carbon brushes that are static.
MZS
FKEE, UMP
22
Slip and Rotor Speed
1. Slip s
The rotor speed of an Induction machine is different from the
speed of Rotating magnetic field. The % difference of the speed
is called slip.



Where; n
s
= synchronous speed (rpm)
n
r
= mechanical speed of rotor (rpm)
under normal operating conditions, s= 0.01 ~ 0.05, which is
very small and the actual speed is very close to synchronous
speed.
Note that : s is not negligible


) 1 ( s n n OR
n
n n
s
s r
s
r s
=

=
23
Slip and Rotor Speed
Rotor Speed
When the rotor move at rotor speed, n
r (rps)
, the stator flux will
circulate the rotor conductor at a speed of (n
s
-n
r
) per second.
Hence, the frequency of the rotor is written as:



Where; s

= slip
f = supply frequency


sf
p n n f
r s r
=
= ) (
f s f i ii
ii
p n n
f
n n Rotor At
i
p n
f
n stator At
Note
r
r s
r
p
f
r s
s
p
f
s
. : ) ( ) (
) .....(
120
) (
:
) .....(
120
:
:
120
120
=

=
=
=
=
24
Principle of Operation
Torque producing mechanism
When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a 3
phase voltage supply, 3 phase current will flow in the
windings, hence the stator is energized.
A rotating flux is produced in the air gap. The flux
induces a voltage E
a
in the rotor winding (like a
transformer).
The induced voltage produces rotor current, if rotor
circuit is closed.
The rotor current interacts with the flux , producing
torque. The rotor rotates in the direction of the rotating
flux.
25
Direction of Rotor Rotates
Q: How to change the direction of
rotation?
A: Change the phase sequence of the
power supply.

26
Conventional equivalent circuit
Note:
Never use three-phase equivalent circuit. Always use per-
phase equivalent circuit.
The equivalent circuit always bases on the Y connection
regardless of the actual connection of the motor.
Induction machine equivalent circuit is very similar to the
single-phase equivalent circuit of transformer. It is
composed of stator circuit and rotor circuit

Equivalent Circuit of Induction
Machines
27
Step1 Rotor winding is open
(The rotor will not rotate)








Note:
the frequency of E
2
is the same as that of E
1
since the rotor is at
standstill. At standstill s=1.

Equivalent Circuit of Induction
Machines
f
f
28
Equivalent Circuit of Induction
Machines
29
Equivalent Circuit of Induction
Machines
Step2 Rotor winding is shorted
(Under normal operating conditions, the rotor winding is shorted. The slip is s)






Note:
the frequency of E
2
is f
r
=sf because rotor is rotating.

f f
r

30
Step3 Eliminate f
2






Keep the rotor current same:

Equivalent Circuit of Induction
Machines
MZS
FKEE, UMP
31
Step 4 Referred to the stator side








Note:
X
2
and R
2
will be given or measured. In practice, we do not
have to calculate them from above equations.
Always refer the rotor side parameters to stator side.
R
c
represents core loss, which is the core loss of stator side.

Equivalent Circuit of Induction
Machines
MZS
FKEE, UMP
32
IEEE recommended equivalent circuit








Note:
R
c
is omitted. The core loss is lumped with the
rotational loss.

Equivalent Circuit of Induction
Machines
MZS
FKEE, UMP
33
IEEE recommended equivalent circuit





Note: can be separated into 2 PARTS


Purpose :
to obtain the developed mechanical

Equivalent Circuit of Induction
Machines
I
1
1
R
1
X
m
X
'
2
X
'
2
R
s
s
R
1
'
2
1
V
s
R
2
s
s R
R
s
R ) 1 (
2
2
2

+ =
34
Analysis of Induction Machines
For simplicity, let assume

I
s
=I
1
, I
R
=I
2


(s=stator, R=rotor)
| |
R m s Total
s s s
c m m
c m c m
R
R
R
Z Z Z Z
jX R Z
neglected R jX Z
neglected R jX R Z
jX
s
R
Z
//
;
;
; //
; '
'
+ =
+ =
= =
= =
+ =
Z
R
Z
m

Z
s

V
s1|

I
s1|
I
m1|
I
R1|

T
s
s
Z
V
I
|
|
1
1
=
35
Analysis of Induction Machines
(

=
(

=
(

=
m
RM
m
R
RM
R
s
T
m R
RM
Z
V
I
Z
V
I Hence
V
Z
Z Z
V
Rules Dividing Voltage
|
|
|
|
| |
1
1
1
1
1 1
,
//
,
Z
R
Z
m

Z
s

V
s1|

I
s1|
I
m1|
I
R1|

| |
| |
1 1
1 1
,
s
R m
m
R
s
R m
R
m
I
Z Z
Z
I
I
Z Z
Z
I
Rules Dividing Current
(

+
=
(

+
=
OR
Note : 1hp =746Watt
36
Power Flow Diagram
P
in
(Motor)
P
in
(Stator)
P
core loss
(P
c
)

P
air Gap

(P
ag
)
P
developed
P
mechanical

P
converted
(P
m
)
P
out,
P
o

P
stator copper
loss,
(P
scu
)
P
rotor copper
loss
(P
rcu
)
P
windage, friction,
etc

(P

- Given)
u cos 3
s s
I V
s
R
I
R
R
'
' 3
2
2
3
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
RM
R
V
' ' 3
2
R R
R I
|
.
|

\
|

s
s
R I
R R
1
' ' 3
2
W hp 746 1 =
s s
R I
2
3
P
in
(Rotor)
37
Power Flow Diagram
Ratio:
P
ag
P
rcu
P
m
s
R
I
R
R
'
' 3
2
' ' 3
2
R R
R I
|
.
|

\
|

s
s
R I
R R
1
' ' 3
2
s
1
1
1

s
1
1
s
s 1
Ratio makes the analysis simpler to find the value of the particular power if we have
another particular power. For example:
s
s
P
P
m
rcu

=
1
38
Efficiency
Watt x W hp x P
I V P
otherwise
P P P
P P P
given are P if
P
P
out
s s in
m o
losses in o
losses
in
out
746 746
cos 3
,
,
% 100
= =
=
=
=
=
u
q

39
Torque-Equation
Torque, can be derived from power equation in term of
mechanical power or electrical power.
n
P
T Hence
s rad
n
where T P Power
t
t
e e
2
60
,
) / (
60
2
, ,
=
= =
r
o
o
r
m
m
n
P
T Torque Output
n
P
T Torque Mechanical
Thus
t
t
2
60
,
2
60
,
,
=
=
40
Torque-Equation
Note that, Mechanical torque can written in terms of circuit
parameters. This is determined by using approximation
method
...
...
...
) 1 (
'
' 3
) 1 (
'
' 3
2
2
(
(
(


= =
= =
r
R
R
r
m
m
m r m
R
R m
s
s
R
I
P
T
T P and s
s
R
I P
e e
e
(

+
(
(

=
2 2
2
) ' ( ) ' (
'
2
) ( 3
R R
R
s
RM
m
sX R
sR
n
V
T
t
|
Hence, Plot T
m
vs s
T
m

n
s

s
max
is the slip for T
max
to occur
s=1
T
st

T
max

s
max

41
Torque-Equation
(

+ + +
(
(
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
=
2 2
2
) ' ( ) ' (
'
60
2
) ( 3
1 ,
R s R s
R
s
s
st
X X R R
R
n
V
T
s Torque Starting
t
|
(
(

+ + +
(
(
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

+
=
2 2
2
max
2 2
max
) ' ( ) (
1
60
2 2
) ( 3
) ' ( ) (
'
R s s s
s
s
R s
R
X X R R
n
V
T
X R
R
s
t
|
42
Speed Control
There are 3 types of speed control of 3 phase
induction machines
i. Varying rotor resistance
ii. Varying supply voltage
iii. Varying supply voltage and supply frequency
43
Varying rotor resistance
For wound rotor only
Speed is decreasing
Constant maximum
torque
The speed at which max
torque occurs changes
Disadvantages:
large speed regulation
Power loss in R
ext

reduce the efficiency

T
n
s
~n
NL

T
n
r1
n
r2
n
r3

n
n
r1
< n
r2
< n
r3

R
1

R
2

R
3

R
1
< R
2
< R
3

44
Varying supply voltage
Maximum torque changes
The speed which at max
torque occurs is constant
(at max torque, X
R
=R
R
/s
Relatively simple method
uses power electronics
circuit for voltage controller
Suitable for fan type load
Disadvantages :
Large speed regulation since
~ n
s

T
n
s
~n
NL

T
n
r1
n
r2
n
r3

n
n
r1
> n
r2
> n
r3

V
1

V
2

V
3

V
1
> V
2
> V
3

V
decreasing
45
The best method since
supply voltage and supply
frequency is varied to keep
V
/
f
constant
Maintain speed regulation
uses power electronics
circuit for frequency and
voltage controller
Constant maximum torque

Varying supply voltage and supply
frequency
T
n
NL1

T
n
r1
n
r2
n
r3

n
f
decreasing
n
NL2
n
NL3

You might also like