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Fundamentals Of Telecommunication
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What is Communication ??
Exchange Of Information
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Communication History
The earlier forms of sending messages over long
distances varied from drums to smoke to light
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Communication History
The messaging Techniques had shortcomings
that restricted their use.
Signals easily misunderstood
Signals were restricted
Messages were not secure
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Communication History
The use of human messengers

Encoding of messages
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What is Communication??
Exchange Of Information
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I get it !!!!!!!!!!!!
My Information.
Audio Video
Data Signal
Free Space
Copper
Fiber Optic
Source
Destination
Transfer of information from one place to another

Transmission Medium
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Transmission


Duplex
Simplex
two-way
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CELLULAR TELEPHONY
A cellular telephone system links mobile subscribers into the
public telephone system or to another cellular subscriber.
Information between the mobile unit and the cellular network
uses radio communication. Hence the subscriber is able to move
around and become fully mobile.
The service area in which mobile communication is to be
provided is divided into regions called cells.
Each cell has the equipment to transmit and receive calls from
any subscriber located within the borders of its radio coverage
area
Cell
Mobile subscriber
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The wire less connection over which the
information is sent from handset to cellular base
station is known as Uplink or Reverse Link
UPLINK / REVERSE LINK
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DOWNLINK / FORWARD LINK
The wire less connection over which information is
sent from cellular base station to handset is known
as the Forward Link or Down link
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Single Cell System

cell = supply area
Basestation
Downlink (DL)
Uplink
(UL)
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How to transfer information??
Some carrier is required to carry information over
long distances.

Why???
Through Some Carrier
Limitation: Information cannot go beyond
certain distance without the aid of a carrier

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Carrier
Should be capable of carrying information
Can take it through long distance
Should have good speed





Which is the most suitable carrier??
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Evolution of Telecom Technology
Electromagnets for long distance
communication
Thus electric telegraph was born
Then Alexander Graham Bell Discovered
Telephone
First word Bell called to his assistant Thomas
Augustus Watson in Telephone is Mr. Watson,
come here I want you.
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Evolution of Telecom Technology
In 1877 Bell telephone Company was formed
In 1895 Gugliemo Marconi Demonstrated a
wireless radiotelegraph over a 3km path near his
home in Italy
In 1902, Marconi demonstrated for the first time
that the information could be transmitted
without the wires across the Atlantic Ocean

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Evolution of Telecom Technology
In 1902, Nathan Stubblefield demonstrated
voice over radio
To carry multiple simultaneous telephone signals
over long distances, copper wires were replaced
by coaxial cables and fiber optics
Later , the wire less media such as Microwave
and Satellites were also used to transport signal
over long distances
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Electromagnetic Wave
Highest Known speed 3x10
8
m/s
Can carry any information through modulation
Energetic - Can go through long distance
Supports multiple media Eg: Free space/Copper/Fiber etc..

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Communication Terminologies
SIGNAL : Any visible or audible indication
that can convey information is known as
signal
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Figure of a wave

Wavelength = distance travelled in one cycle(l)
Frequency = Number of cycles per second(n)
Velocity(v) = l x n
Amplitude =maximum value of signal with its
period
l
x
One
Complete
cycle
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Analog signals
The continuous wave like signals are known as Analog
Signals.
Humans recognize information in analog form.
Human voice is an example of analog signals.
Analog signals varies in frequency and amplitede.
Frequency division multiplex (FDM): signal combined with
multiple carrier frequencies.
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Digital signals
The discontinuous signals representing discrete
information are known as Digital Signals.
They consist of pulses and digits with discrete
levels or values.
Time division multiplex (TDM): Each carrier
frequency is further divided in time and digitally
encoded
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Bandwidth
Band width is the range of frequncies
It indicates the amount of data that can be
transmitted per unit of time

Frequency 1
Frequency 2
Frequency 3
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Block Diagram of a
Telecommunication System
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What is the other thing required apart from carrier for
transmitting signals over longer distances??

Some medium for carrying signals from transmitter to the
receiver
Media..
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Different types of media used for transmitting signals.
Wired : Twisted Pair
Co-axial cable
Optical fiber








Wireless(Free space/air):Microwave
Satellite
Rx
MEDIA
Tx
Carrier
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Twisted Pair
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Coaxial Cable
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Optic Fiber
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Optic Fiber(Physical Appearance)
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Microwave
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Satellite Communication
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Telecommunication Services
Cellular
Fixed
Internet
Satellite
Television
Voice/fax
Messaging (SMS,EMS and MMS)

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Telecom Regulatory Bodies
ITU: International Telecommunication Union
Its role is to regulate the allocation of radio
frequencies and so reduce the interference space
between radio stations in various countries.
It also has responsibility for regulating
orbital positions of satellites relating to radio
communications
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TRAI:
(Telecom Regulatory Authority Of India)

Established in 1997,TRAI is the independent
regulator established by the government of India
to regulate telecommunication business in India

Telecom Regulatory Bodies
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Standards Institutes
ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards
Institute
created in 1988 ETSI is an independent
organization of telecommunications industry
(equipment makers and network operators) in
Europe, with world wide projection.ETSI has
been success full in standardizing the GSM cell
phone system
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3GPP 3
rd
Generation Partnership
Project
Established in 1988 3GPP is responsible for
globally applicable third generation (3G) mobile
phone system, now generally known as UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
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GSM OPERATORS
Bharati /Airtel
Bsnl
Hutch
Idea
Spice
Aircel / Maxis
Reliance Telecom
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CDMA OPERATORS
Tata indicom
Shyam telelink
Reliance
BSNL

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Mobile Cellular Networks
Evolution
1st generation, 1980s
analogue
voice
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2nd generation 1990s
Digital

Voice, fax data

95% coverage of UK by 1991

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3rd generation - within 10 years

Digital

anywhere, anytime, anything
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Cell
is the radio coverage area
of one base transceiver
station
Cellular (Cluster)
Networking technology
that breaks geographic
area into cells shaped like
honey comb


1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
7
2
1
5
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Concept Of Wireless Telephone System
The concept of cellular service is the use of low
power transmitters where frequencies can be
reused with in a geographical area.
A cellular mobile communications systems uses
a large no of low power wireless transmitters to
create cells in a geographical area
Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be
reused in another cell some distance away
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Frequency Re-use

Standard GSM has a total of 124 frequencies
available for use in a network.
Most network providers are unlikely to be able
to use all of these frequencies and are generally
allocated a small subset of the 124.

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Frequency Re-use

Example:

A network provider has been allocated 48 frequencies to provide
coverage over a large area, let us take for example Great Britain.
As we have already seen, the maximum cell size is approximately 70 km
in diameter, thus our 48 frequencies would not be able to cover the
whole of Britain.
To overcome this limitation the network provider must re-use the same
frequencies over and over again, in what is termed a frequency re-use
pattern.
When planning the frequency re-use pattern the network planner must
take into account.
how often to use the same frequencies and determine how close
together the cells are, otherwise co-channel and/or adjacent channel
interference may occur. The network provider will also take into
account the nature of the area to be covered. This may range from a
densely populated city (high frequency re-use, small cells, high
capacity) to a sparsely populated rural expanse (large omni cells, low
re-use, low capacity).

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Mobile Cellular Networks
Cellular principle
Proposed as a solution to the bandwidth problem
Restrict the radio range of Base Station (transmitter)
Can now reuse BS frequency in other parts of the
network
Taking this one step further
tessellate network coverage area with cell reuse pattern (cluster)
Each cell in cluster operates on a different frequency
Cluster sizes of 4,7,9 etc are common
Result - increase in capacity of network in terms of max number
of simultaneous calls the network can support

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Cellular principle
Cells are hexagonal shape
Base station located in middle
Radius of cell is governed by power of Base
Station
Increasing the power increases geographical
size of cell
Smaller sizes automatically increase the network
capacity
but can also increase interference

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Mobile Cellular Networks
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
F
A
B
C
D
E
G
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Figure 1
Cellular structure and frequency spectrum allocation plan
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Cell Size


The number of cells in any geographic area is
determined by the number of MS
subscribers who will be operating in that area,
and the geographic layout of the area

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Types of Cells
Macrocells(3 to 35 km):

Macro cells are
large cells for remote and
sparsely populated areas










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Types of Cells
Microcells(0,1 to 1 km): For densely populated
areas, power level of these transmitters is
decreased
- Picocells(0,01 to 1km)
- Nanocells(1m to 10m)


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Types of Cells
Selective cells: Coverage in a particular direction



Umbrella cells
-covers several micro cells
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Circuit-Switching
Circuit mode
Packet-Switching
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Packet mode
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Circuit-Switched
Dedicated path between calling party to
called party
Mainly used for voice
Packet-Switched ( Soft Switch )
Data broken in to smaller parts and
transmitted
Efficient use of bandwidth
Mainly used for data and now for packetized
voice

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Telephone Network Architecture in
SDCA (SHORT DISTANCE CHARGING AREA )
TANDEM
EXCHANGE
LOCAL LOOPS
TRUNKS
LOCAL EXCHANGE 1
LOCAL EXCHANGE 2
LOCAL EXCHANGE 4
LOCAL EXCHANGE 3
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Telephone Network Architecture in
SDCA (SHORT DISTANCE CHARGING AREA )
Calls with in the local network are called as local calls and
has the lowest call charges.
The geographical area covered is normally a toen or a
district and is known as SDCA
An exchange establishes the connection between two
parties of conversation resulting in a continuous
communication path
Local loops connects subscriber to the local exchange
Multiple local exchanges connected to tandem exchange
Connections between exchanges are called trunks

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National Telephone Network
L
O
C
A
L


E
X
C
H
A
N
G
E
MUMBAI TAX
DELHI TAX
KOLKATA TAX
CHENNAI TAX
BANGALORE
TAX
National Telephone Network
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National Telephone Network
In National Telephone Network, long distance
calls are made to connect to subscribers in the
exchange outside the local area
The calls terminate to the subscriber out side the
local area but with in the national boundary
Several local networks are connected to a tandem
switch called the TAX (Trunk Automatic
Exchange)
The TAX establishes connection in the desired
direction towards anther TAX, which connects to
the local switch to result in a continuous path
between the two parties in conversation
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International Telephone Network
ITAX USA
ITAX BRAZIL
ITAX INDIA
ITAX AUSTRALIA
ITAX AFRICA
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International Telephone Network
In International telephone network, long distance calls
are made to connect to subscribers in two different
countries.
The calls gets switched to the appropriate country by
means of ITAX (International Trunk Automatic
Exchange)
The ITAX in one country, from where the call is
originated, establishes connection ti the ITAX in the
appropriate country according to the dialed digits by
the calling party
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Telecom Billing
The exchange from where the call originates
and the exchange to where the call
terminates, record the call details that form
the basis for billing and verification