Analog to digital converter

And
Digital to analog converter

Analog to digital
converter
Outline
Definition
Why we need ADC
Types ADC and each basic operation
Applications of analog to digital converter

Definition
An electronic integrated circuit which transforms a signal from
analog(continues) to digital(discrete) form
Analog signals are directly measurable quantities
Digital signals only have two states for digital computer we refer to
binary states, 0 and 1
ADC conversion is therefore required at the interface between
analogue transducers and the digital computer


Why we need ADC
Microprocessors can only perform complex processing on digitized
signals
When signals are in digital form they are less susceptible to the
deleterious effects of additive noise
ADC Provides a link between the analog world of transducers and
the digital world of signal processing and data handling.
5 5
Types of analog to digital converter
There are many different types of analog to digital converters
Each offers something in the way of
Speed
Cost
Power dissipation
complexity

Types of analog to digital converter
Flash type (Parallel comparator)
Successive approximation
Counter type





Flash/parallel comparator ADC
Simplest
Fastest
Expensive
uses a linear voltage ladder with a comparator at each "rung" of the
ladder to compare the input voltage to successive reference voltages.
The output of these comparators is generally fed into a digital
encoder which converts the inputs into a binary value
Successive approximation
How it works ?

The circuit uses a successive approximation register (SAR) to find the required
value of each bit by trial and error.
The circuit operates as follows. With the arrival of the START command, the SAR
sets the MSB d1 = 1 with all other bits to zero so that the trial code is 10000000.
The output Vd of the DAC is now compared with analog input V. If V, is greater
than the DAC output Vd then 10000000 is less than the correct digital
representation. The MSB is left at 'I' and the next lower significant bit is made '1'
and further tested.
However, if V, is less than the DAC output, then 10000000 is greater than the
correct digital representation. So reset MSB to '0' and go on to the next lower
significant bit.
This procedure is repeated for all subsequent bits, one at a time, until all bit
positions have been tested.
Whenever the DAC output crosses V, the comparator changes
Successive approximation
N bit conversion require N clock pulse
Efficient code conversion

Counter type
Read yourself

Applications
Scanner : when you scan a picture with a scanner , what scanner is
doing is an analog to digital conversion : it is taking the analog
information provided by the picture(light) and converting into digital
Recording a voice : when you record your voice or use a VoIP solution
on your computer you r using analog to digital converter to convert
you voice , which is analog into digital information


Digital to analog converter
To convert digital values to analog voltage
Performs inverse operation of analog to digital converter

100101
DAC
ADC is function that converts digital data(usually
binary) into analog signal(current , voltage, or
electric charge)


1011 1001 1010 0111 1000 0110 0101 0100 0011 0010 0001 0000
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Digital input signal
Types of DAC
There are two types of ADC
Weighted Resistor or Resistive Divider type
And there is an other type of R -2R ladder


Weighted Resistors

In this type of DAC components used is
Operational amplifier
Switches
Resistors
Voltage source
Ground

Definition of weighted resistors
Binary Weighted resistors are used to distinguish each bit from the
most significant to the least significant
Binary weighted resistors Reduces current by a factor of 2 for each bit
The circuit shown is a digital to analog converter 4-bits weighted
binary resistance network circuit types.
Binary Weighted resistors is reliable, and simple to do
Resistor values can be calculated using the weight of the binary
number.




Circuit diagram of weighted resistors
Weighted Binary Resistance Network
For example

Referring to the circuit as shown, the highest value resistor (150K)
is a digital input resistor. The smallest bit (least significant bit), and the
values of other resistor is


If binary input is 0001


R1 = 150K, R
F
= 20K, Vref = 3V

Voltage Gain (A
V
) = R
F
= 20K = 0.133

R1 150K

Vout = Vref X A
V

= 3V X 0.1333
= 0.4V
If binary input is 0110


R2 = 75K, R3 = 37.5K, R
F
= 20K, Vref = 3V

R
T
= R2//R3 = 25K


Voltage Gain (A
V
) = R
F
= 20K = 0.8

R
T
25K

Vout = Vref X A
V

= 3V X 0.8
= 2.4V




Simply that we can see the resulting output is shown in the table below
Decimal Digital input
Vout

(V)
D C B A
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0.4
2 0 0 1 0 0.8
3 0 0 1 1 1.2
4 0 1 0 0 1.6
5 0 1 0 1 2.0
6 0 1 1 0 2.4
7 0 1 1 1 2.8
8 1 0 0 0 3.2
9 1 0 0 1 3.6
10 1 0 1 0 4.0
11 1 0 1 1 4.4
12 1 1 0 0 4.8
13 1 1 0 1 5.2
14 1 1 1 0 5.6
15 1 1 1 1 6.0
Limitations of binary weighted
As the number of bits , no. of binary word , range of resistance


R-2R ladder type DAC
Find output voltage for 1000 and 1111
vo= ?
If Vr = 5V
Advantage
Require only 2 sets of precision resistance

Performance parameters of DAC
Resolution
Accuracy
Conversion time/ setting time

Resolution

Resolution continue
Accuracy
Conversion Time / setting time

It is the time required for conversion of analog signal in to its digital
equivalent
Any change in the input state will not be reflected in the output state
immediately. There is a time lag, between the two events.

Sources of errors in DAC

Lineraity error
Offset error
Gain error


Linearity Error

Linearity: is the difference between the desired analog output and the
actual output over the full range of expected values.
Ideally, a DAC should produce a linear relationship between a digital
input and the analog output, this is not always the case.


Linearity error
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Digital Input
Desired Output
Miss-alignment
Approximate
output
Gain error
Offset error

The error is defined as the non-zero level of the output voltage when
all inputs are zero

Applications of DAC
Digital Motor Control
Computer Printers
Sound Equipment (e.g. CD/MP3 Players, etc.)
Function Generators/Oscilloscopes
Digital Audio